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Beloved star of Mother and Son passes away

<p>Henri Szeps, the cherished award-winning actor who brought warmth and wit to Australian screens for decades, has died at the age of 81.</p> <p>Best known for his role as the well-meaning but exasperated Robert Beare in the much-loved ABC sitcom <em>Mother and Son</em>, Szeps passed away peacefully after a quiet battle with Alzheimer’s disease. A statement released on Thursday confirmed the news, adding that “Henri retained his sense of wonder and joie de vivre until the end”.</p> <p>Szeps revealed his diagnosis in 2021 and had been living in a care facility since last year.</p> <p>Born in a Swiss refugee camp in 1943 to Polish Holocaust survivors, Szeps arrived in Australia as an eight-year-old and went on to become a pillar of the nation’s stage and screen. His career spanned decades, marked by memorable roles not only in television but also in theatre, including turns as Gandalf in <em>The Hobbit</em> and Sigmund Freud in a celebrated stage production.</p> <p>He received an Order of Australia Medal in 2001 in recognition of his contributions to the performing arts, the culmination of a career full of accolades.</p> <p>Alongside Ruth Cracknell and Garry McDonald, Szeps made <em>Mother and Son</em> a household staple during its original 10-year run, which ended in 1994. The show’s enduring popularity led to a recent reboot, a testament to the affection Australians still hold for the original.</p> <p>In addition to his television work, Szeps also starred as Prime Minister Harold Holt in the mini-series <em>Vietnam</em>, acting opposite a young Nicole Kidman, and later performed a series of acclaimed one-man shows before retiring at 70, saying his memory was “no longer up to the task”.</p> <p>He is survived by his wife Mary, their two sons, and four grandchildren.</p> <p>Henri Szeps’ legacy is one of intelligence, humour and deep humanity – on stage, on screen, and in life.</p> <p><em>Images: ABC iView</em></p>

Caring

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"It's just my name": Aussie mum's number plate banned for being too offensive

<p>In what may be the most <em>Queensland</em> story of the year, a local mum has been left scratching her head after being told her own legal name was too controversial to be printed on a number plate.</p> <p>Indica Bradford, a Sunshine State resident with a name more commonly found in dispensaries than baby name books, says she was crushed after Personalised Plates Queensland (PPQ) refunded her deposit and rejected her application for custom plates bearing her first name.</p> <p>“I’ve been planning this since I got my licence,” Indica told <em>A Current Affair</em>, possibly while sipping chamomile tea and definitely not sparking up anything illegal. “Everyone has personalised plates and I could get my full name because it’s so unique. I was really excited.”</p> <p>After confirming over several years that INDICA was still available (possibly due to others being less keen to broadcast a botanical classification of cannabis), Indica finally pulled the trigger. She bought a new car, put her chosen plates on lay-by, and waited for her custom dream to become Queensland highway reality.</p> <p>Then came the buzzkill.</p> <p>PPQ refunded her money, called her up, and delivered the bad news: Indica had been rejected. The reason? The Department of Transport and Main Roads had deemed the name inappropriate, saying it could be interpreted as promoting illegal drugs or criminal activity.</p> <p>Which, to be clear, was a surprise to Indica, who has spent her entire life thinking her name was simply a pretty word her mum liked. “She loved it for years,” Indica explained. “She finally had me and named me the name she loved.”</p> <p>Neither mother nor daughter had any idea it had a... greener meaning.</p> <p>“I think the majority of Australia would probably be the same. They wouldn’t even know what it meant,” she said, perhaps optimistically.</p> <p>To be fair, Sativa Bradford probably would’ve had the same issue.</p> <p>Despite the bureaucratic bummer, Indica isn't backing down. “I’m not trying to offend anyone. It’s just my name, yeah, my legal name, on my birth certificate,” she said, clutching her paperwork and likely resisting the urge to add a middle name like "TotallyLegal".</p> <p>The Department of Transport and Main Roads replied with a characteristically dry statement about how personalised plate content is reviewed “against several criteria” and is updated “to reflect current community and social norms”.</p> <p>Translation: no weed names, even if it’s literally what your mum called you before the first ultrasound.</p> <p>Still, all is not lost. The department said Indica can request a formal review, a chance for justice, or at least a small victory for people named after misunderstood plant strains everywhere.</p> <p>For now, Indica is driving around incognito. But if you spot a car with “ND1K4” on the back, give her a wave. </p> <p><em>Images: A Current Affair</em></p>

Legal

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Princess Anne honoured for the first time on new royal coin

<p>As Princess Anne approaches her 75th birthday on August 15, the UK is marking the milestone in a truly special way, with her first-ever appearance on an official British coin.</p> <p>The Royal Mint has announced a beautifully crafted commemorative coin to celebrate the occasion, paying tribute to The Princess Royal’s lifetime of duty, devotion, and public service. It marks an historic moment in British numismatic history, as it’s the first time Princess Anne has been featured on UK currency.</p> <p>The coin’s design, created by renowned artist Thomas T. Docherty, captures Her Royal Highness wearing the elegant Aquamarine Pineflower Tiara, set against a portrait based on an official photograph by celebrated photographer John Swannell. Around the edge is the inscription: “The Princess Royal – Celebrating 75 Years – Duty and Devotion”, with her official Coat of Arms positioned beside the image.</p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMSXKEFRKRX/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMSXKEFRKRX/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by The Royal Mint (@royalmintuk)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>“It was an honour to create this commemorative coin,” Docherty said. “I wanted to reflect Her Royal Highness’s remarkable legacy and strength of character – her unwavering dedication to public service.”</p> <p>Rebecca Morgan, Director of Commemorative Coin at The Royal Mint, said the tribute was well deserved. “Her Royal Highness’s lifelong commitment to charity, the monarchy, and the armed forces makes her truly worthy of this celebration” she said. “This graceful design perfectly captures both her dignified presence and extraordinary legacy.”</p> <p>With admirers around the world preparing to celebrate her birthday, this elegant coin offers a lasting tribute to one of the Royal Family’s most hardworking and respected members.</p> <p><em>Images: The Royal Mint</em></p>

Money & Banking

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Aussie Vietnam hero finally awarded Victoria Cross after 60 years

<p>More than half a century after risking his life to save his mates in Vietnam, Richard Norden has finally received the nation’s highest military honour: the Victoria Cross.</p> <p>It’s a moment veterans, families and history-lovers have long hoped for: recognition for a young man from Gundagai whose extraordinary courage in 1968 helped save lives and left an unforgettable mark on those who served beside him.</p> <p>Norden was only 19 when his platoon was ambushed during the Vietnam War. Despite being outnumbered and outgunned, he ran straight into enemy fire – killing two enemy soldiers, rescuing his wounded section commander Joe Kelly, and retrieving the body of his mate Chris Nisbet with grenades in hand.</p> <p>"If it wasn't for Dick, there would have been more of us coming home in body bags that day," fellow veteran Stan Barrett told <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/victoria-cross-awarded-posthumously-to-vietnam-war-veteran-who-rescued-wounded-comrade/2fe31b9a-4057-4552-9b30-5ee746d0e89a" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>A Current Affair</em></a>.</p> <p>At the time, Norden was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. But even Sir Roden Cutler, himself a VC recipient and then-Governor of New South Wales, felt the recognition didn’t go far enough.</p> <p>For decades, friends, comrades and advocates continued the fight to have his bravery properly honoured. One of them was veteran George Hulse, who took on governments and the military until 2022, when the case for a Victoria Cross was finally accepted.</p> <p>"And (Cutler) said the words, ‘What does one have to do these days to get the Victoria Cross?’" Hulse recalled.</p> <p>In a cruel twist, Norden never lived to see the moment. After surviving Vietnam, he joined the Australian Federal Police, but tragically died in a motorcycle crash in 1972. He was just 24.</p> <p>On behalf of a grateful nation, Norden’s widow Robynn accepted the long-overdue medal in an emotional ceremony, honouring the love of her life and the hero he always was.</p> <p>For the men who served beside him, the recognition is bittersweet. But finally, Richard Norden’s name takes its rightful place in history.</p> <p><em>Images: A Current Affair</em></p>

Family & Pets

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Humble handbag smashes world auction record with $15m sale

<p>It started life on an air sickness bag. It ended with someone in Japan spending €8.6 million ($15.29 million AUD) on it. No, not the bag you reach for mid-turbulence – <em>THE</em> bag. The original, one-of-a-kind, barf-bag-born Birkin.</p> <p>At a Paris auction that had more gasps than a Eurovision final, the iconic prototype Hermès Birkin handbag – sketched by Jane Birkin herself somewhere over the English Channel – sold for a frankly nauseating €7 million ($12.44 million AUD) before fees, setting a new bar for luxury handbags and spontaneous aircraft doodles.</p> <p>As the price soared past €2 million ($3.56 million AUD)... €3 million ($5.33 million AUD)... €5 million ($8.88 million AUD), the crowd broke into applause, whistles and likely a few whispered prayers that their plus-ones wouldn’t get ideas. When it leapt from €5.5 million ($9.78 million AUD) to €6 million ($10.78 million AUD) in one go, some probably checked their own bags for loose sketches, just in case.</p> <p>The lucky winner? A still-anonymous bidder from Japan, who triumphed after a ten-minute telephone bidding showdown that could've been scored like a tennis match. In the end, they took the prize for €7 million ($12.44 million AUD), bringing the final hammer price with Sotheby’s fees to €8.6 million ($15.29 million AUD) – a mere snip if you ignore every financial decision you’ve ever made.</p> <p>The price absolutely destroyed the previous record for a handbag, which was a dainty $513,040 ($770,490 AUD) shelled out in 2021 for another Hermès bag (the White Himalaya Niloticus Crocodile Diamond Retourne Kelly 28 – a name with more syllables than most people’s resumes).</p> <p>This means the Birkin is now officially the second most valuable fashion item ever sold at auction. Only Dorothy’s ruby red slippers outrank it, having clicked their heels all the way to $32.5 million ($49.43 million AUD) last year. Somewhere over the rainbow, indeed.</p> <p>The original Birkin isn’t just expensive; it’s delightfully quirky. It’s the only one with a non-removable shoulder strap (because Birkin had things to do), and came with a nail clipper. Yes, a nail clipper. Practicality, thy name is Jane.</p> <p>As Morgane Halimi, Sotheby’s head of handbags and fashion, put it with appropriate reverence: “It is incredible to think that a bag initially designed by Hermès as a practical accessory for Jane Birkin has become the most desirable bag in history.” Not bad for a design born out of spilled baby bottles and boarding pass chaos.</p> <p>Jane Birkin (actor, singer, fashion muse and mother) reportedly kept the prototype for nearly a decade before auctioning it in 1994 for AIDS research. Since then, it’s changed hands a few times, making its way back into the spotlight like a seasoned celebrity on a comeback tour.</p> <p>The previous owner, known only as Catherine B (because if you own this bag, you don’t need a last name), told journalists: “The price is the price of the Hermès story.” Which, translated, roughly means: "It's a nice bag. Also, it's basically priceless."</p> <p>To be fair, it is more than just a bag. It’s a symbol. A cultural artefact. A reminder that sometimes brilliance strikes mid-flight, and that fashion history can be born in the same seat pocket where you once stashed a sad sandwich and a crumpled boarding pass.</p> <p>As Birkin herself once joked before her passing in 2023: “They’ll say, ‘Like the bag,’ or something.” Honestly, Jane, we could do a lot worse.</p> <p><em>Images: Sotheby's</em></p>

Money & Banking

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Couple's heartfelt plea after both losing their right legs

<p>A Perth couple who both lost their right legs in a horrific motorbike crash have opened up about their long, painful road to recovery – and the staggering new challenges they now face.</p> <p>Dean and Sharon English, both seasoned motorcyclists, were enjoying a ride through WA’s Wheatbelt in September when tragedy struck. As they rounded a bend on Great Eastern Highway near Meckering, about 130km east of Perth, their bike collided with an oncoming vehicle towing a caravan. Dean had been riding, with Sharon on the back.</p> <p>The collision was so severe that both were airlifted to Royal Perth Hospital in critical condition. Placed in induced comas and undergoing multiple surgeries, the couple awoke to find they had both lost their right legs, Dean’s amputated at the hip, and Sharon’s below the knee.</p> <p>Their bodies broken and their lives changed forever, the couple spent nearly five months recovering side by side in hospital.</p> <p>“Some days it’s really, really difficult,” <a href="https://7news.com.au/news/perth-couple-who-lost-legs-in-bike-crash-reveal-costly-new-challenge-c-19303575" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dean told 7NEWS</a>. “We have our private moments where we sit there and have a cry. If I didn’t have Sharon with me, I’d be absolutely wrecked.”</p> <p>Their fight to rebuild their lives is now twofold: physical recovery and financial survival. While Sharon, as a passenger, qualifies for third-party compensation, Dean does not. Despite 33 years of service as a prison officer, he had no private health insurance and now faces the daunting task of proving he wasn’t at fault to receive any support from the Insurance Commission.</p> <p>To do that, he’ll need to pay tens of thousands of dollars for a private investigator – money the couple simply doesn’t have, especially now that Dean’s paid leave has run out and he’s on leave without pay.</p> <p>As Dean continues intense rehab at Fiona Stanley Hospital, trying to learn to walk again on a prosthetic while coping with a shattered hand and missing finger, Sharon has returned home in a wheelchair. She too hopes to one day walk again with a prosthetic, though doctors warn she may require further surgery first.</p> <p>Despite everything, their gratitude and determination remain remarkable. <a href="https://www.gofundme.com/f/donate-fir-dean-english" target="_blank" rel="noopener">On their GoFundMe page</a> – which has raised nearly $45,000 – they shared a heartfelt message: “We would like to thank each and every one of you for your support and generosity. It is a very humbling experience and we truly thank you from the bottom of our hearts.”</p> <p>Dean also praised his long-time workplace, revealing the prison commissioner has promised him a job when he’s well enough to return.</p> <p>“I want to get back to normal,” he said. “This isn’t normal. It’s not what I was like.”</p> <p>The couple are using their experience to warn others about road safety. Dean urged all riders to wear proper protective equipment, which he believes saved their lives. “We wear the best of equipment all the time, and I would urge anyone who rides a motorbike to make sure they wear proper PPE,” he said.</p> <p>WA’s road toll is at a decade high, and for Dean and Sharon, the cost is deeply personal. But in the face of unimaginable loss, they are refusing to give up – leaning on each other, on the kindness of strangers and on hope for a future where “normal” may look different, but is still within reach.</p> <p><em>Images: GoFundMe</em></p>

Caring

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Should Australia scrap superannuation? Experts clash in heated debate

<p>Australia’s superannuation system has come under intense scrutiny after two financial experts clashed in a fiery debate on SBS’s <em>Insight</em>, with one economist declaring the system should be dismantled entirely – and the other branding that idea “insane”.</p> <p>The central question – should Australia’s superannuation system be scrapped? – sparked impassioned responses from both Cameron Murray, chief economist at Fresh Economic Thinking, and Andy Darroch, independent financial adviser and director at Independent Wealth Advice.</p> <p>Dr Murray argued the system is fundamentally flawed and does more harm than good, claiming it primarily benefits the wealthiest Australians while failing to assist the poor or the already rich.</p> <p>“It’s skewed to the people who would never be on the age pension and would be independently wealthy at retirement age anyway,” he told the program.</p> <p><a href="https://www.news.com.au/finance/superannuation/call-to-scrap-australias-superannuation-system-sparks-heated-debate/news-story/ab56297c9ce2f43d9cb5808ab8593084" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Speaking to news.com.au after the broadcast</a>, Dr Murray pointed to major inefficiencies in the current setup, calling super an “unnecessary industry” that drains national talent and resources.</p> <p>He also raised concerns about accessibility, noting that one in seven men die before ever touching their super savings.</p> <p>“Super doesn’t help the poor, who generally will still need to rely on the pension. It doesn’t help the rich, as they have enough wealth to support themselves,” Dr Murray said.</p> <p>“It only increases the retirement income of the middle by making them poorer when they are young and poor with a family to support, so they can be richer when they are old and rich with no one to support.”</p> <p>Dr Murray proposed a radical alternative: abolish compulsory super entirely and allow Australians to access that money during their working lives. He suggested a phased transition, with capped annual withdrawals and eventual conversion of super funds into non-tax-advantaged investment accounts.</p> <p>In stark contrast, Mr Darroch defended the system as one of Australia’s greatest economic achievements. “You would have to be insane to want to get rid of it,” he said on <em>Insight</em>, calling Australia’s super setup the “envy of the world”.</p> <p>He said scrapping it would be “the single most destructive thing you could do to middle class Australians” and warned it could plunge a third of the population into poverty during retirement.</p> <p>“I think Australia is the only country on Earth that you can have a nurse and a diesel fitter get to age 65 with close to a million dollars in super,” he said.</p> <p>Mr Darroch also pushed back against arguments that superannuation could or should be used to address issues like housing affordability or the cost of living.</p> <p>“Understandably, people see their superannuation balance and have a desire to use it to assist with housing,” he said, “but superannuation can’t and won’t fix housing. Any of the suggestions won’t even move the dial.”</p> <p>Worse still, he warned, using super to fund home ownership or ease short-term cost-of-living pressures would ultimately “create systemic issues with poverty in retirement”.</p> <p>As for Dr Murray, he believes that without super, most Australians would still save voluntarily and fall back on the age pension if needed – an existing system he says already keeps older Australians out of poverty.</p> <p>“The age pension is the safety net,” he said. “We can quibble about its adequacy, but we should do it in the context of all welfare payments.”</p> <p>With the future of superannuation now firmly back in the spotlight, it’s clear that while the system may need reform, whether to overhaul – or outright abolish – it remains a fiercely divisive question.</p> <p><em>Images: SBS</em></p>

Retirement Income

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Antiques Roadshow uncovers incredibly rare Beatles snaps

<p>A lifelong Beatles fan has discovered that her teenage memories are worth more than just nostalgia – they’re worth a small fortune.</p> <p>Appearing on a recent episode of <em>Antiques Roadshow</em>, the woman brought along a well-loved album filled with original photographs from a weekend in July 1963 that would change her life forever.</p> <p>Back then, she and four Beatles-obsessed friends travelled to Great Yarmouth, England, just as the Fab Four happened to be in town. After seeing them perform live – “screaming like mad”, as she recalled – the group of girls got an insider tip from a local friend about where the band was staying.</p> <p>“We went and sat in the lounge and they came downstairs and sat with us,” she said, beaming as she shared the story.</p> <p>Among the photos and memories was something even more remarkable: four original Beatles autographs, carefully tucked into her diary from the trip.</p> <p>Antiques expert Marc Allum could hardly believe what he was seeing. “In addition to the photographs, you've got a little album here with something even more special in it,” he said, visibly impressed.</p> <p>Allum estimated the collection, particularly the autographs from John, Paul, George and Ringo, could fetch up to £5,000 – nearly $10,500 AUD – at auction.</p> <p>“Good gracious. Wow!” the stunned owner exclaimed, holding her priceless teenage memories a little tighter.</p> <p>It’s a story of friendship, fandom and a little rock 'n' roll magic – and proof that sometimes, history hides in the most unexpected places.</p> <p><em>Images: Antiques Roadshow</em></p>

Money & Banking

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Family speaks out after teen found guilty of murdering Melbourne doctor

<p>The grieving family of Melbourne doctor Ash Gordon has spoken of their bittersweet relief after the teenager who stabbed him to death was found guilty of murder.</p> <p>A Supreme Court jury convicted the 17-year-old boy following a harrowing trial in which the youth had already pleaded guilty to two counts of aggravated burglary.</p> <p>Dr Gordon was killed in the early hours of January 13 last year after waking to find intruders in his Doncaster unit, in Melbourne’s north-east. He chased the two 16-year-olds into the street, but was fatally stabbed less than a kilometre from his home.</p> <p>The brutal and senseless loss of the much-loved doctor sent shockwaves through his community – and left his family shattered.</p> <p>Speaking to <em>A Current Affair</em>, Ash’s sister Nat said the guilty verdict brought some measure of justice after what she described as a long, “gut-wrenching” legal process.</p> <p>"To get a guilty verdict was a huge relief for the family,” she said. “It will never bring him back but it cements for us that we have everyone behind us."</p> <p>Their father, Glen Gordon, described the emotional toll the trial had taken – and the quiet moment of comfort that came with the jury’s decision.</p> <p>"It's been a struggle, but after the verdict today, it just felt like a big weight has been lifted off our shoulders," he said. "It's still a sad situation, but at least the person got what he deserved."</p> <p>Since Ash’s death, the family has channelled their grief into a push for reform – advocating for tougher bail laws and stronger sentencing for youth offenders.</p> <p> </p> <p>"It definitely doesn't get any easier, nothing will ever bring him back, but a small win was had today – not only by us but the wider community and the justice system,” Nat said.</p> <p>Determined not to let her brother’s death be in vain, she issued a heartfelt plea for change. "At the end of the day, if there is no verdict and no consequences, they will continue to do this,” she said. “It won’t be just my family – it will be every family within the country feeling the pain that we’re feeling, and I never, ever want to inflict that pain on any other family."</p> <p>"I don’t want my brother’s memory to be in vain."</p> <p><em>Images: A Current Affair</em></p>

Caring

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Cheapest supermarket for winter shopping revealed

<p>Aldi has once again cemented its reputation as Australia’s most budget-friendly supermarket, topping <a href="https://www.choice.com.au/shopping/everyday-shopping/supermarkets/articles/cheapest-groceries-australia" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CHOICE’s latest quarterly survey</a> on the cost of winter groceries.</p> <p>The consumer advocacy group compared the prices of an average basket of 14 common grocery items – including staples such as milk, chicken, and fresh fruit, as well as popular winter additions like vegetable stock, drinking chocolate, and butternut pumpkin. Aldi offered the most affordable basket at $55.35 without specials, with Woolworths close behind at $58.92, followed by Coles at $59.22 and IGA at $69.74.</p> <p>“Aldi had the best deal for shoppers looking to keep cosy this winter,” said CHOICE CEO Ashley de Silva. “Without specials, Woolworths had the cheapest chicken breasts and pumpkin, while Coles offered the best price on apples. IGA came out on top for carrots and garlic. For all other products in our basket, Aldi is your best bet.”</p> <p>When specials were taken into account, Aldi still led the pack, with its basket dropping to $54.44. Coles followed at $57.67, Woolworths at $58.86, and IGA at $67.54.</p> <p>“All up, if you’re planning a hearty porridge breakfast or wanting a cup of hot chocolate to keep you feeling snug, Aldi should be your first stop,” de Silva added. He also encouraged shoppers to look beyond supermarket choice for savings: “Checking the unit pricing, keeping an eye on specials, shopping around, and trying out house brand products can all add up to significant savings.”</p> <p>CHOICE field workers collected prices in March 2025 at 104 supermarkets across 27 locations nationwide. The group’s base basket includes full cream milk, Weet-Bix, Royal Gala apples, carrots, Cavendish bananas, strawberries and chicken breast fillets. This quarter’s additional winter items were vegetable stock, sour cream, drinking chocolate, butternut pumpkin, quick oats, garlic and onions.</p> <p>The findings come as supermarket prices remain a hot political issue. Cost-of-living pressures and alleged price gouging by major chains dominated debate in the last federal parliament. During the recent election campaign, Labor pledged to introduce laws to crack down on price gouging, while the Coalition promised to introduce divestiture powers that would allow the ACCC to force supermarkets to sell off stores to boost competition.</p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / Gustavo Fring</em></p>

Money & Banking

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How old are you really? Are the latest ‘biological age’ tests all they’re cracked up to be?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>We all like to imagine we’re ageing well. Now a simple blood or saliva test promises to tell us by measuring our “<a href="https://www.si.com/soccer/cristiano-ronaldo-shocking-biological-age">biological age</a>”. And then, as many have done, we can <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/07/25/entertainment/khloe-kardashian-40-learns-her-biological-age-is-28/">share</a> how “young” we really are on social media, along with our secrets to success.</p> <p>While chronological age is how long you have been alive, <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/chronological-aging">measures of biological age</a> aim to indicate how old your body actually is, purporting to measure “wear and tear” at a molecular level.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Cristiano Ronaldo is biologically 29 years old! 😱</p> <p>CR7’s WHOOP stats put his body at 12 years younger than his actual age! 💪</p> <p>Cristiano’s dedication to his health and longevity is second to none 👏</p> <p>(Via <a href="https://twitter.com/Cristiano?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@cristiano</a>/<a href="https://twitter.com/WHOOP?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@WHOOP</a>) <a href="https://t.co/PwKqc77031">pic.twitter.com/PwKqc77031</a></p> <p>— DAZN Football (@DAZNFootball) <a href="https://twitter.com/DAZNFootball/status/1925894821203321009?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 23, 2025</a></p></blockquote> <p>The appeal of these tests is undeniable. Health-conscious consumers may see their results as reinforcing their anti-ageing efforts, or a way to show their journey to better health is paying off.</p> <p>But how good are these tests? Do they actually offer useful insights? Or are they just clever marketing dressed up to look like science?</p> <h2>How do these tests work?</h2> <p>Over time, the chemical processes that allow our body to function, known as our “metabolic activity”, lead to damage and a decline in the activity of our cells, tissues and organs.</p> <p>Biological age tests aim to capture some of these changes, offering a snapshot of how well, or how poorly, we are <a href="https://www.aginganddisease.org/EN/10.14336/AD.2022.1107">ageing on a cellular level</a>.</p> <p>Our DNA is also affected by the ageing process. In particular, chemical tags (methyl groups) attach to our DNA and affect gene expression. These changes occur in predictable ways with age and environmental exposures, in a process called methylation.</p> <p>Research studies have used “epigenetic clocks”, which measure the methylation of our genes, to estimate biological age. By analysing methylation levels at specific sites in the genome from participant samples, researchers apply predictive models to estimate the cumulative wear and tear on the body.</p> <h2>What does the research say about their use?</h2> <p>Although the science is rapidly evolving, the evidence underpinning the use of epigenetic clocks to measure biological ageing in research studies is <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39743988/">strong</a>.</p> <p>Studies have shown epigenetic biological age estimation is a <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5940111/">better predictor</a> of the risk of death and ageing-related diseases than chronological age.</p> <p>Epigenetic clocks also have been found to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1279770725001277?dgcid=rss_sd_all">correlate strongly</a> with lifestyle and environmental exposures, such as smoking status and diet quality.</p> <p>In addition, they have been found to be able to <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8484046/">predict</a> the risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes.</p> <p>Taken together, a growing body of research indicates that at a population level, epigenetic clocks are robust measures of biological ageing and are strongly linked to the risk of <a href="https://www.aginganddisease.org/EN/10.14336/AD.2022.1107">disease and death</a></p> <h2>But how good are these tests for individuals?</h2> <p>While these tests are valuable when studying populations in research settings, using epigenetic clocks to measure the biological age of individuals is a different matter and requires scrutiny.</p> <p>For testing at an individual level, perhaps the most important consideration is the “signal to noise ratio” (or precision) of these tests. This is the question of whether a single sample from an individual may yield widely differing results.</p> <p>A <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-022-00248-2">study from 2022</a> found samples deviated by up to nine years. So an identical sample from a 40-year-old may indicate a biological age of as low as 35 years (a cause for celebration) or as high as 44 years (a cause of anxiety).</p> <p>While there have been significant improvements in these tests over the years, there is considerable <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-022-00248-2">variability</a> in the precision of these tests between commercial providers. So depending on who you send your sample to, your estimated biological age may vary considerably.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">Khloé Kardashian, 40, learns her biological age after confessing bad eating habits <a href="https://t.co/vlipIl9Im2">https://t.co/vlipIl9Im2</a> <a href="https://t.co/s1zRdpht0K">pic.twitter.com/s1zRdpht0K</a></p> <p>— New York Post (@nypost) <a href="https://twitter.com/nypost/status/1816322940532650399?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 25, 2024</a></p></blockquote> <p>Another limitation is there is currently no standardisation of methods for this testing. Commercial providers perform these tests in <a href="https://www.livescience.com/health/ageing/new-biological-aging-test-predicts-your-odds-of-dying-within-the-next-12-months">different ways</a> and have different algorithms for estimating biological age from the data.</p> <p>As you would expect for commercial operators, providers don’t disclose their methods. So it’s difficult to compare companies and determine who provides the most accurate results – and what you’re getting for your money.</p> <p>A third limitation is that while epigenetic clocks correlate well with ageing, they are simply a “<a href="https://frontlinegenomics.com/opinion-direct-to-consumer-epigenetic-tests-are-not-getting-enough-scrutiny/#:%7E:text=Companies%20claim%20that%20epigenetic%20variants,in%20the%20usual%20DTC%20scrutiny">proxy</a>” and are not a diagnostic tool.</p> <p>In other words, they may provide a general indication of ageing at a cellular level. But they don’t offer any specific insights about what the issue may be if someone is found to be “ageing faster” than they would like, or what they’re doing right if they are “ageing well”.</p> <p>So regardless of the result of your test, all you’re likely to get from the commercial provider of an epigenetic test is generic advice about what the science says is healthy behaviour.</p> <h2>Are they worth it? Or what should I do instead?</h2> <p>While companies offering these tests may have good intentions, remember their ultimate goal is to sell you these tests and make a profit. And at a cost of around A$500, they’re not cheap.</p> <p>While the idea of using these tests as a personalised health tool has potential, it is clear that <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jun/13/biological-age-startups-why">we are not there yet</a>.</p> <p>For this to become a reality, tests will need to become more reproducible, standardised across providers, and validated through long-term studies that link changes in biological age to specific behaviours.</p> <p>So while one-off tests of biological age make for impressive social media posts, for most people they represent a significant cost and offer limited real value.</p> <p>The good news is we already know what we need to do to increase our chances of living longer and healthier lives. These <a href="https://theconversation.com/you-cant-reverse-the-ageing-process-but-these-5-things-can-help-you-live-longer-214580">include</a>:</p> <ul> <li>improving our diet</li> <li>increasing physical activity</li> <li>getting enough <a href="https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/47/1/zsad253/7280269">sleep</a></li> <li>quitting smoking</li> <li><a href="https://theconversation.com/how-much-stress-is-too-much-a-psychiatrist-explains-the-links-between-toxic-stress-and-poor-health-and-how-to-get-help-222245">reducing stress</a></li> <li>prioritising social connection.</li> </ul> <p>We don’t need to know our biological age in order to implement changes in our lives right now to improve our health.</p> <p><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><em><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/257710/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" />By </em><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hassan-vally-202904">Hassan Vally</a>, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-old-are-you-really-are-the-latest-biological-age-tests-all-theyre-cracked-up-to-be-257710">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / Cottonbro Studio</em></p> </div>

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How Iran will likely retaliate following US military strikes

<p>US President Donald Trump’s decision to launch airstrikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities has plunged the Middle East into renewed uncertainty, with fears escalating over how Tehran might respond in the coming days.</p> <p>Speaking from Istanbul on Sunday, Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi condemned the strikes as a “grave violation” of the UN Charter, international law, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). In a statement posted to social media, Araghchi warned that Iran has “a variety of options” for retaliation.</p> <p>“The events this morning are outrageous and will have everlasting consequences,” Araghchi said. “In accordance with the UN Charter and its provisions allowing a legitimate response in self-defence, Iran reserves all options to defend its sovereignty, interests, and people.”</p> <p>UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres voiced deep concern over the escalation, warning of a “growing risk that this conflict could rapidly get out of control”.</p> <p><strong>Potential Flashpoints for Retaliation</strong></p> <p>Experts say Iran could target US military interests across the region. With around 40,000 US troops stationed at 19 sites in the Middle East – including 2,500 in Iraq – Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) may turn to its network of proxies in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen. The Iran-backed Houthi rebels have already hinted at renewed attacks on US ships in the Red Sea, calling for Trump to “bear the consequences” of the strikes.</p> <p>Iran might also seek to disrupt global oil trade by attempting to close the Strait of Hormuz, a vital shipping lane for 20 million barrels of oil per day. Such a move could send shockwaves through global markets, pushing up oil prices and jeopardising Trump’s economic agenda.</p> <p>Meanwhile, hardline voices in Tehran are calling for missile strikes in retaliation. Hossein Shariatmadari, a prominent adviser to Iran’s Supreme Leader, warned that after the US attack on the Fordow nuclear facility, “it is now our turn.”</p> <p><strong>Nuclear Fallout</strong></p> <p>Analysts fear that Trump’s actions could push Iran to abandon diplomacy altogether and accelerate its nuclear ambitions. Trita Parsi of the Quincy Institute said the strike “guaranteed that Iran will be a nuclear weapons state in the next five to 10 years”, particularly if hardliners take power.</p> <p>There is also speculation that Iran may withdraw from the NPT, removing one of the last formal restraints on its nuclear program. Ali Vaez of the International Crisis Group said an NPT withdrawal is “quite likely.”</p> <p><strong>A War of Attrition or Asymmetric Warfare?</strong></p> <p>Faced with overwhelming US and Israeli military power, Iran could opt for a war of attrition, using asymmetric tactics such as cyberattacks and terrorism to wear down its adversaries. The IRGC, while damaged by Israeli strikes, still retains the capacity to carry out operations both within and beyond the region, experts say.</p> <p><strong>The Diplomatic Deadlock</strong></p> <p>Hopes for renewed nuclear talks appear dim. Araghchi said on Sunday that the US had “blown up” diplomatic efforts, accusing both Washington and Tel Aviv of sabotaging negotiations. While talks with European powers reportedly made some progress last week, analysts say the latest escalation has likely shut the door on diplomacy – at least for now.</p> <p>“Their aim is to force Trump to stop Netanyahu’s war,” said Parsi, referring to Israel’s Prime Minister. “But by doing so, Tehran may have handed Israel a veto on US-Iran diplomacy.”</p> <p>As the world watches for Tehran’s next move, the stakes could hardly be higher – for Iran, for the region and for global stability.</p> <p><em>Images: Supplied</em></p>

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How sleep loss can lead to weight gain – and worse

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>You stayed up too late scrolling through your phone, answering emails or watching just one more episode. The next morning, you feel groggy and irritable. That sugary pastry or greasy breakfast sandwich suddenly looks more appealing than your usual yogurt and berries. By the afternoon, chips or candy from the break room call your name. This isn’t just about willpower. Your brain, short on rest, is nudging you toward quick, high-calorie fixes.</p> <p>There is a reason why this cycle repeats itself so predictably. Research shows that <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00747-7">insufficient sleep disrupts hunger signals</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101514">weakens self-control</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.010">impairs glucose metabolism</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23539">increases your risk of weight gain</a>. These changes <a href="https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0250-18.2018">can occur rapidly</a>, even after a single night of poor sleep, and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14926">can become more harmful over time</a> if left unaddressed.</p> <p>I am a <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sTqquL0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en">neurologist specializing in sleep science</a> and its impact on health.</p> <p>Sleep deprivation affects millions. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than one-third of U.S. adults <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/data-research/facts-stats/adults-sleep-facts-and-stats.html">regularly get less than seven hours of sleep</a> per night. Nearly three-quarters of adolescents <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/data-research/facts-stats/high-school-students-sleep-facts-and-stats.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com">fall short of the recommended 8-10 hours sleep</a> during the school week.</p> <p>While anyone can suffer from sleep loss, essential workers and first responders, including nurses, firefighters and emergency personnel, are <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i5210">especially vulnerable</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154505">due to night shifts and rotating schedules</a>. These patterns disrupt the body’s internal clock and are linked to increased cravings, poor eating habits and elevated risks for obesity and metabolic disease. Fortunately, even a few nights of consistent, high-quality sleep can help rebalance key systems and start to reverse some of these effects.</p> <h2>How sleep deficits disrupt hunger hormones</h2> <p>Your body regulates hunger through a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2402679">hormonal feedback loop</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2025.171367">involving two key hormones</a>.</p> <p>Ghrelin, produced primarily in the stomach, signals that you are hungry, while leptin, which is produced in the fat cells, tells your brain that you are full. Even one night of restricted sleep <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23616">increases the release of ghrelin and decreases leptin</a>, which leads to greater hunger and reduced satisfaction after eating. This shift is driven by changes in how the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23616">body regulates hunger</a> and stress. Your brain becomes less responsive to fullness signals, while at the same time <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13051">ramping up stress hormones</a> that can increase cravings and appetite.</p> <p>These changes are not subtle. In controlled lab studies, healthy adults reported <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00662.x">increased hunger and stronger cravings</a> for calorie-dense foods after sleeping only four to five hours. The effect worsens with ongoing sleep deficits, which can lead to a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13051">chronically elevated appetite</a>.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r6pItuOoGxc?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><figcaption><span class="caption">Sleep is as important as diet and exercise in maintaining a healthy weight.</span></figcaption></figure> <h2>Why the brain shifts into reward mode</h2> <p>Sleep loss changes how your brain evaluates food.</p> <p>Imaging studies show that <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3259">after just one night of sleep deprivation</a>, the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for decision-making and impulse control, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.027383">has reduced activity</a>. At the same time, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0250-18.2018">reward-related areas such as the amygdala</a> and the nucleus accumbens, a part of the brain that drives motivation and reward-seeking, become <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx125">more reactive to tempting food cues</a>.</p> <p>In simple terms, your brain becomes more tempted by junk food and less capable of resisting it. Participants in sleep deprivation studies not only rated high-calorie foods as more desirable but were also <a href="https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.027383">more likely to choose them</a>, regardless of how hungry they actually felt.</p> <h2>Your metabolism slows, leading to increased fat storage</h2> <p>Sleep is also critical for blood sugar control.</p> <p>When you’re well rested, your body efficiently uses insulin to move sugar out of your bloodstream and into your cells for energy. But even one night of partial sleep can <a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2430">reduce insulin sensitivity by up to 25%</a>, leaving more sugar circulating in your blood.</p> <p>If your body can’t process sugar effectively, it’s more likely to convert it into fat. This contributes to weight gain, especially around the abdomen. Over time, poor sleep is associated with <a href="https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000444">higher risk for Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome</a>, a <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/metabolic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351916">group of health issues</a> such as high blood pressure, belly fat and high blood sugar that raise the risk for heart disease and diabetes.</p> <p>On top of this, sleep loss raises cortisol, your body’s main stress hormone. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-4254">Elevated cortisol encourages fat storage</a>, especially in the abdominal region, and can further disrupt appetite regulation.</p> <h2>Sleep is your metabolic reset button</h2> <p>In a culture that glorifies hustle and late nights, sleep is often treated as optional. But your body doesn’t see it that way. Sleep is not downtime. It is active, essential repair. It is when your brain recalibrates hunger and reward signals, your hormones reset and your metabolism stabilises.</p> <p>Just one or two nights of quality sleep can begin to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00301.2013">undo the damage from prior sleep loss</a> and restore your body’s natural balance.</p> <p>So the next time you find yourself reaching for junk food after a short night, recognize that your biology is not failing you. It is reacting to stress and fatigue. The most effective way to restore balance isn’t a crash diet or caffeine. It’s sleep.</p> <p>Sleep is not a luxury. It is your most powerful tool for appetite control, energy regulation and long-term health.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/255726/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joanna-fong-isariyawongse-1470879">Joanna Fong-Isariyawongse</a>, Associate Professor of Neurology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-pittsburgh-854">University of Pittsburgh</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/sleep-loss-rewires-the-brain-for-cravings-and-weight-gain-a-neurologist-explains-the-science-behind-the-cycle-255726">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / Ron Lach</em></p> </div>

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Council to refund up to $12m in parking fines after 12-year error

<p>Drivers across Melbourne’s inner north are set to be refunded millions of dollars in parking fines after Merri-bek City Council admitted to overcharging motorists for more than a decade due to an administrative blunder.</p> <p>The council, formerly known as Moreland, revealed this week it had incorrectly issued parking fines worth up to $12 million between July 1, 2013 and June 11, 2025. Around 248,000 infringements are believed to be affected, with individual refunds ranging from $43 to $59 depending on when the fine was issued.</p> <p>The error stemmed from the council charging 0.5 penalty units for certain parking violations – without having the necessary resolution in place. Under Victorian law, in the absence of a formal resolution, the maximum charge should have been 0.2 penalty units.</p> <p>“Unfortunately, it has recently been discovered that there was no resolution in place setting this value,” the council said in a statement. “This was due to an administrative error in 2013, which has not been identified until recently.”</p> <p>The fines in question relate primarily to overstaying time limits in “green sign zones” and other minor parking infringements. The 11 affected offence types include failing to park at the correct angle, parking outside a marked bay, or stopping in designated motorbike or bicycle parking areas.</p> <p>Merri-bek City Council chief executive officer Cathy Henderson apologised for the long-standing oversight.</p> <p>“Today’s announcement reflects Merri-bek City Council’s commitment to integrity, transparency and fairness. Now that we have found the mistake, we are fixing it,” she said. “This is a regrettable historical administrative error, and we apologise for the impact of the overcharge.”</p> <p>Henderson emphasised that parking fines are reinvested into community services and facilities, and that parking controls remain necessary to ensure fair access to limited spaces.</p> <p>The council will launch a Parking Fines Refund Scheme in July, offering affected motorists 12 months to apply for a refund. Fines Victoria has confirmed it will place impacted outstanding fines on hold during this process, suspending enforcement action and additional fees.</p> <p>“Fines Victoria will continue to work with Merri-bek City Council as they take action to resolve this matter,” the agency said in an online statement.</p> <p>Drivers keen to find out if they are eligible for a refund can <a href="https://www.merri-bek.vic.gov.au/my-council/news-and-publications/news/parking-fines-refund-scheme/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">visit the Merri-bek City Council website</a> for further details.</p> <p><em>Image: Merri-bek City Council</em></p>

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Jaws at 50: how two musical notes terrified an entire generation

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Our experience of the world often involves hearing our environment before seeing it. Whether it’s the sound of something moving through nearby water, or the rustling of vegetation, our fear of the unseen is rooted in our survival instincts as a species.</p> <p>Cinematic sound and music taps into these somewhat unsettling instincts – and this is exactly what director Steven Spielberg and composer John Williams achieved in the iconic 1975 thriller <em>Jaws</em>. The sound design and musical score work in tandem to confront the audience with a mysterious killer animal.</p> <p>In what is arguably the film’s most iconic scene, featuring beach swimmers’ legs flailing underwater, the shark remains largely unseen – yet the sound perfectly conveys the threat at large.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rW23RsUTb2Y?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <h2>Creating tension in a soundtrack</h2> <p>Film composers aim to create soundscapes that will profoundly move and influence their audience. And they express these intentions through the use of musical elements such as rhythm, harmony, tempo, form, dynamics, melody and texture.</p> <p>In <em>Jaws</em>, the initial encounter with the shark opens innocently with the sound of an offshore buoy and its clanging bell. The scene is established both musically and atmospherically to evoke a sense of isolation for the two characters enjoying a late-night swim on an empty beach.</p> <p>But once we hear the the low strings, followed by the central two-note motif played on a tuba, we know something sinister is afoot.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yrEvK-tv5OI?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>This compositional technique of alternating between two notes at an increasing speed has long been employed by composers, including by Antonín Dvořák in his 1893 work <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOofzffyDSA&amp;pp=ygUcdGhlIG5ldyB3b3JsZCBzeW1waG9ueSBuby4gOQ==">New World Symphony</a>.</p> <p>John Williams <a href="https://limelight-arts.com.au/features/the-music-of-jaws-an-interview-with-john-williams/">reportedly used</a> six basses, eight cellos, four trombones and a tuba to create the blend of low frequencies that would go on to define his entire Jaws score.</p> <p>The bass instruments emphasise the lower end of the musical frequency spectrum, evoking a dark timbre that conveys depth, power and intensity. String players can use various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_technique">bowing techniques</a>, such as staccato and marcato, to deliver dark and even menacing tones, especially in the lower registers.</p> <p>Meanwhile, there is a marked absence of tonality in the repeating E–F notes, played with increasing speed on the tuba. Coupled with the intensifying dynamics in the instrumental blend, this accelerating two-note motif signals the looming danger before we even see it – tapping into our instinctive fear of the unknown.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BQKLJ2MuHvY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>The use of the two-note motif and lower-end orchestration characterises a composition style that aims to unsettle and disorientate the audience. Another example of this style can be heard in Bernard Herrmann’s <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kvzZ6nkZ6Q">car crash scene audio</a> in <em>North by Northwest</em> (1959).</p> <p>Similarly, in Sergei Prokofiev’s <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=Y4U7wNZu-CU%22%22">Scythian Suite</a></em>, the opening of the second movement (Dance of the Pagan Gods) uses an alternating D#–E motif.</p> <p>The elasticity of Williams’ motif allows the two notes to be played on different instruments throughout the soundtrack, exploring various timbral possibilities to induce a kaleidoscope of fear, panic and dread.</p> <h2>The psychology behind our response</h2> <p>What is it that makes the Jaws soundtrack so psychologically confronting, even without the visuals? Music scholars have various theories. <a href="https://boldentrance.com/the-power-of-jaws-is-in-john-williams-two-note-musical-score/">Some suggest</a> the two notes imitate the sound of human respiration, while others have proposed the theme evokes the heartbeat of a shark.</p> <p>Williams explained his approach <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-john-williams-20120108-story.html">in an interview</a> with the Los Angeles Times:</p> <blockquote> <p>I fiddled around with the idea of creating something that was very … brainless […] Meaning something could be very repetitious, very visceral, and grab you in your gut, not in your brain. […] It could be something you could play very softly, which would indicate that the shark is far away when all you see is water. Brainless music that gets louder and gets closer to you, something is gonna swallow you up.</p> </blockquote> <p>Williams plays with the audience’s emotions throughout the film’s score, culminating in the scene Man Against Beast – a celebration of thematic development and heightened orchestration.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xrjUIz7fy6c?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>The film’s iconic soundtrack has created a legacy that extends beyond the visual. And this suggests the score isn’t just a soundtrack – but a character in its own right.</p> <p>By using music to reveal what is hidden, Williams creates an intense emotional experience rife with anticipation and tension. The score’s two-note motif showcases his genius – and serves as a sonic shorthand that has kept a generation behind the breakers of every beach.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/258068/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alison-cole-1443114">Alison Cole</a>, Composer and Lecturer in Screen Composition, Sydney Conservatorium of Music, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/jaws-at-50-how-two-musical-notes-terrified-an-entire-generation-258068">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: </em></p> </div>

Movies

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“We are righting the wrongs”: Excavation begins to unearth nearly 800 lost children

<p><em><strong>WARNING: Distressing content</strong></em></p> <p>A tranquil, walled patch of grass in a quiet Irish housing estate is about to expose one of Ireland’s darkest secrets. The site, in the town of Tuam, 220km west of Dublin, is the final resting place for significant quantities of human remains – the victims of a brutal chapter in the nation’s history known as the “mother and baby” home scandal.</p> <p>From 1925 to 1961, Tuam’s mother and baby home, run by the Bon Secours nuns, housed women who became pregnant outside of marriage – and their children, many of whom died in disturbing numbers. The institution was demolished in 1972, but the land lay largely untouched. That will change next month, as excavation teams begin the delicate task of recovering the bodies buried in what is believed to be a disused septic tank.</p> <p>“There are so many babies, children just discarded here,” said Catherine Corless, the local historian whose painstaking research uncovered the mass grave and sparked national reckoning. In 2014, Corless, now 71, produced evidence showing that 796 children, from newborns to age nine, died at the Tuam home. “There are no burial records for the children, no cemetery, no statue, no cross – absolutely nothing,” she said.</p> <p>Despite early investigations and the identification of human remains in underground chambers in 2016 and 2017, it took until 2022 for Ireland’s parliament to pass legislation allowing excavation of the Tuam site. For Corless, it has been a long and painful campaign. “It’s been a fierce battle – when I started this, nobody wanted to listen. At last, we are righting the wrongs,” she said. “I was just begging: take the babies out of this sewage system and give them the decent Christian burial that they were denied.”</p> <p>The mother and baby homes were institutions where unmarried pregnant women were sent, isolated from society and often separated from their babies through forced adoption. A state inquiry revealed that between 1922 and 1998, around 56,000 women and 57,000 children passed through 18 such homes across Ireland. More than 9,000 children died.</p> <p>Anna Corrigan, 70, is among those seeking answers. She only learned in her 50s that her late mother had given birth in Tuam to two boys – John and William – whose fates remain unclear. “They prevaricate, they obfuscate, they make it difficult for people to get to the truth,” Corrigan said. “There are dirty little secrets in Ireland that have to be kept hidden.”</p> <p>For Corrigan and others, the coming excavation is a bittersweet step forward. A specialist team, appointed last year, will search for remains, conduct DNA testing and arrange dignified reburials. “I never thought I’d see the day that we’d get over so many hurdles – push them to finally excavate what I call the ‘pit,’ not a grave,” Corrigan said. “I’m glad it’s starting, but if we can even find and identify a certain amount, it’s not going to give us all closure.”</p> <p>As excavation crews prepare to break the ground that has kept these stories hidden for so long, Ireland faces a fresh confrontation with a painful past – and the opportunity, at last, to honour lives lost in silence.</p> <p><em>Images: Aeon.com</em></p>

Caring

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What does Trump’s looming ‘revenge tax’ mean for Australia?

<div class="theconversation-article-body">The Australian Labor Party just won an <a href="https://theconversation.com/albanese-increases-majority-and-dutton-loses-seat-in-stunning-election-landslide-255616">election victory for the ages</a>. Now, it may be forced to walk back one of the key achievements of its first term.</p> <p>Here’s why: United States President Donald Trump is about to declare an income tax war on much of the world – and we Australians are not on the same side.</p> <p>Over in the US, the “<a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1/text">One Big Beautiful Bill act</a>” – a tax and spending package worth trillions of dollars – has been <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/22/what-is-trump-big-beautiful-bill">passed</a> by the House of Representatives. It’s now before the Senate for consideration.</p> <p>Within it lies a new and highly controversial provision: <a href="https://www.axios.com/2025/05/30/taxes-section-899-big-beautiful-bill">Section 899</a>. This increases various US tax rates payable by taxpayers from any country the US claims is maintaining an “unfair foreign tax” by five percentage points each year, up to an additional 20% loading.</p> <p>Having been an integral part of an international effort to create a global 15% minimum tax, Australia now finds itself in the firing line of Trump’s “<a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/revenge-tax-buried-deep-budget-213451951.html">revenge tax</a>” warfare – and it’s a fight we’re unlikely to win.</p> <h2>A global minimum tax rate</h2> <p>The origins of the looming income tax war <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2013/07/action-plan-on-base-erosion-and-profit-shifting_g1g30e67.html">started in 2013</a>, when the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (<a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/about.html">OECD</a>) released its plan to stamp out “base erosion and profit shifting”.</p> <p>This refers to a range of strategies often used by multinational companies to minimise the tax they pay, exploiting differences and gaps in the tax rules of different countries.</p> <p>The OECD’s first attempt to tackle the problem was a collection of disparate measures directed not only at corporate tax avoidance, but also controlling tax poaching by national governments and “<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/apr/29/sweetheart-tax-deals">sweetheart deals</a>” negotiated by tax officials.</p> <p>Under both Labor and the Coalition, Australia was initially an enthusiastic backer of these attempts.</p> <p>However, the project was not a widespread success. Many countries endorsed the final reports but, unlike Australia, few countries acted on them.</p> <p>After the failure of this first project, the OECD tried again in 2019. This evolved to encompass two “pillars” to change the global tax rules.</p> <p><a href="https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-issues/cross-border-and-international-tax/pillar-one-amount-a-fact-sheet.pdf">Pillar one</a> would give more tax to countries where a company’s customers are located. <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/global-minimum-tax/global-anti-base-erosion-model-rules-pillar-two.html">Pillar two</a> is a minimum tax of 15% on (a version of) the accounting profits of the largest multinationals earned in each country where the multinational operates.</p> <p>Labor picked up this project for the 2022 election, <a href="https://jimchalmers.org/latest-news/media-releases/labor-s-plan-to-ensure-multinationals-pay-their-fair-share-of-tax/">promising</a> to support both pillars – and they honoured that promise.</p> <h2>Mixed success</h2> <p>Around the world, the two pillar project had mixed success. Pillar one was dead-on-arrival: most countries did nothing. But Australia and several other countries, mostly in Europe, implemented pillar two – the global minimum tax.</p> <p>The OECD has always maintained the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project was a coalition of the willing, meant to rebalance the way income tax is allocated between producer and consumer countries, and rid the world of tax havens.</p> <p>In the US, Republicans <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/yellen-us-negotiating-rd-tax-credit-part-global-tax-deal-2024-04-30/">did not share that view</a>. For them, BEPS was simply another attempt by foreign countries to get more tax from US companies.</p> <p>This Republican dissatisfaction with the OECD is now on full display. On the first day of his second term, Trump issued an <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/the-organization-for-economic-co-operation-and-development-oecd-global-tax-deal-global-tax-deal/">executive order</a>, formally repudiating any OECD commitments the Biden administration might have given.</p> <p>He also directed his officials to report on options for retaliatory measures the US could take against any foreign countries with income tax rules that are “extraterritorial” or “disproportionately affect American companies”.</p> <h2>Why Australia is so exposed</h2> <p>Australia could find itself in the firing line of Trump’s tax warfare on many fronts. And the US doesn’t lack firepower. Section 899 adds to a number of <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-the-90-year-old-tax-rule-trump-could-use-to-double-us-taxes-on-foreigners-248154">retaliatory tax provisions</a> the US already had at its disposal.</p> <p>The increased tax rates would affect Australian super funds and other investors earning dividends, rent, interest, royalties and other income from US companies. Australian super funds in particular are heavily invested in US markets, which have outperformed local stocks in recent years.</p> <p>It would also affect Australian managed funds owning land and infrastructure assets in the US, as well as Australian entities such as banks that carry on business in the US.</p> <p>And there are other measures that would expose US subsidiaries of Australian companies to US higher tax.</p> <p>The bill would even remove the doctrine of sovereign immunity for the governments of “offending” countries. <a href="https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/your-tax-return/if-you-disagree-with-an-ato-decision/object-to-a-decision/what-to-include-in-your-objection/supporting-information-to-provide/sovereign-immunity">Sovereign immunity</a> refers to a tax exemption on returns that usually applies to governments. This means the Australian government itself could have to pay tax to the US.</p> <p>There are <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-30/trump-revenge-tax-would-lower-foreign-investment-in-us-scorekeeper-predicts">concerns on Wall Street</a> this will dampen demand for US government bonds from foreign governments, which are big buyers of US Treasuries. The argument may sway some in the Senate – but how many remains to be seen.</p> <h2>What Australia may need to do next</h2> <p>We may be incredulous that anyone would consider our tax system combative, but enacting the OECD pillar two was always known to be risky.</p> <p>There are other, homegrown Australian tax measures that have drawn American ire.</p> <p>In 2015, Australia enacted an income tax measure (commonly called the “<a href="https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/google-restructures-to-avoid-hefty-penalties-in-australia-as-tax-bill-hits-16-million-20160429-goi8fl.html">Google tax</a>”) specifically directed at US tech companies. In 2017, we followed this up with a <a href="https://www.ato.gov.au/businesses-and-organisations/international-tax-for-business/in-detail/doing-business-in-australia-or-overseas/diverted-profits-tax">diverted profits tax</a>. Trump’s bill specifically targets both measures.</p> <p>Tying ourselves to the OECD’s global minimum tax project might have seemed like a good idea in 2019. In 2025, it looks decidedly unappealing, and not just because of Trump.</p> <p>First, there is not actually any serious revenue in pillar two for Australia. Treasury’s <a href="https://archive.budget.gov.au/2023-24/bp2/download/bp2_2023-24.pdf">revenue estimate</a> totalled only $360 million after four years, just slightly more than a rounding error in the federal budget.</p> <p>Second, we are increasingly alone and vulnerable in this battle. It might feel emotionally satisfying to stand up to the US. If there was a sizeable coalition alongside us, there might be some point.</p> <p>If Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill act does pass through the US Senate, the Australian government and business will be left exposed to much higher costs.</p> <p>Since abandoning the US market is not really an option, it might be time to surrender quietly and gracefully – by reversing, at the very least, the contentious bits of pillar two.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/257961/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/graeme-cooper-3215">Graeme Cooper</a>, Professor of Taxation Law, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-is-in-the-firing-line-of-trumps-looming-revenge-tax-its-a-fight-were-unlikely-to-win-257961">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / <span style="font-family: 'Canva Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Roboto, -apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre;">Nataliya Vaitkevich</span></em></p> </div>

Money & Banking

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How this driver lost 22 demerit points and $1800 in a single traffic stop

<p>A NSW learner driver has been hit with nearly $1,800 in fines and an eye-watering 22 demerit points in a single traffic stop, prompting police to issue a stern reminder about the importance of following road rules – especially for novice drivers.</p> <p>The incident occurred on Sunday afternoon when Mittagong Highway Patrol officers clocked a silver Saab convertible travelling at 129km/h in a 110km/h zone on the Hume Highway near Penrose.</p> <p>What initially appeared to be a simple speeding matter quickly snowballed into a catalogue of serious offences. The driver – a male holder of a NSW Learner's Class C licence – should not have been travelling above 90km/h and was also found not to be displaying the required yellow L plates on either the front or rear of the vehicle.</p> <p>Upon stopping the vehicle at 4.15pm, officers discovered a mobile phone mounted near the steering wheel, playing a YouTube music video. When questioned, the driver swiped the screen to a map app and claimed he was "just looking at the map". In NSW, learner and provisional drivers are prohibited from using a mobile phone for any reason, including navigation.</p> <p>Compounding the offences, the driver’s female supervisor told police she had been asleep in the passenger seat – a direct violation of her legal duty to actively supervise the learner.</p> <p>The full list of infringements included: <span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">Exceeding speed by more than 30km/h: $1,045 fine and 10 demerit points (doubled for long weekend); </span>Learner using a mobile phone: $410 fine and 10 demerit points (doubled); Failure to display L plates: $320 fine and 2 demerit points (doubled).</p> <p>With double demerits in effect due to the long weekend, the driver racked up 22 demerit points – far exceeding the four-point limit for learners – resulting in an automatic licence suspension, with a formal disqualification from NSW Transport to follow.</p> <p>The female supervisor also received a penalty for failing to fulfil her supervisory obligations.</p> <p>NSW Traffic and Highway Patrol officers said the case is a stark example of reckless behaviour behind the wheel and urged all drivers, especially learners, to understand and respect the rules of the road.</p> <p><em>Images: NSW Traffic and Highway Patrol Command</em></p> <p>“This is exactly what not to do,” an officer said.</p>

Legal

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ABC rumoured to be axing Q+A amid fresh round of cuts

<p>Long-running ABC current affairs program <em>Q+A</em> is reportedly facing the axe after 17 years on Australian television, with multiple media outlets citing unnamed sources within the national broadcaster.</p> <p>The influential panel show, which launched in 2008 with Tony Jones as host, is said to have been dropped ahead of its scheduled return in August. The decision places <em>Q+A</em> among a growing list of legacy programs facing the chopping block, coming just days after Channel Ten confirmed it was ending <em>The Project</em> following a 16-year run.</p> <p><em>Q+A</em> went into its scheduled hiatus in mid-May, and it remains unclear whether it will return at all in 2025. ABC’s new managing director, Hugh Marks, is expected to reveal sweeping changes at the public broadcaster this week, including potential staff redundancies and confirmation of the show’s fate.</p> <p>The Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance (MEAA) warned ABC staff on Tuesday that job cuts were imminent, with employees reportedly being called into meetings to discuss a major restructure. Marks, who replaced David Anderson in March, has previously signalled a focus on streamlining the broadcaster’s operations, suggesting the ABC may need to “do fewer things better” in the future.</p> <p>In addition to cuts, the ABC is expected to announce new content initiatives, including a dedicated documentary unit championed by ABC chair Kim Williams.</p> <p>Created by executive producer Peter McEvoy, <em>Q+A</em> debuted in May 2008 and quickly became a flagship program for the ABC. Its format, inspired by the BBC’s <em>Question Time</em>, brought politicians, experts and members of the public together to debate national issues in real time.</p> <p>Following Jones’ departure in 2019, the show struggled to maintain its ratings. Hamish Macdonald took over as host in 2020, before stepping down amid mixed reviews. Stan Grant’s brief tenure in 2022 ended after he became the target of racist abuse unrelated to the show. The current host, Patricia Karvelas, has led the program since early 2023.</p> <p>While viewership has modestly improved under Karvelas, the show’s ratings remain among the lowest in the ABC’s current affairs stable. A 2023 “Garma Special” episode drew just 84,000 metro viewers – <em>Q+A</em>’s lowest figures on record.</p> <p>The ABC has not officially confirmed the program’s cancellation. However, the coming days are expected to bring clarity as the national broadcaster embarks on a major overhaul under new leadership.</p> <p><em>Image: ABC</em></p>

TV

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‘Not available in your region’: what is a VPN and how can I use one safely?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>“This video is not available in your location”. It’s a message familiar to many people trying to watch global content online. But beneath this frustration lies a deeper question – how do we navigate digital borders safely and ethically?</p> <p>As our digital lives expand, so too does our desire for access. Maybe you want to see the latest streaming shows before they arrive in your country. Maybe you’re a sports fan wanting to watch live broadcasts of international events. Or perhaps you need to log into your company’s secure intranet while at home or overseas.</p> <p>Enter the virtual private network (VPN) – a technology that’s become as essential as antivirus software for many. With many commercial and free VPN providers on the market, interest in these services <a href="https://www.comparitech.com/vpn/vpn-statistics/">has grown in recent years</a>.</p> <h2>How does a VPN work?</h2> <p>A <a href="https://computingaustralia.com.au/5-minute-helpdesk-what-is-a-vpn-and-why-should-i-use-one/">VPN</a> is like a secure tunnel between your device and the internet. When you use a VPN, your <a href="https://www.esafety.gov.au/key-topics/online-tools-and-features/encryption">internal traffic is scrambled into unreadable data</a> and routed through a remote server, which also masks your real IP address.</p> <p>Think of it like this: instead of sending a postcard with your return address, you send it in an envelope to a trusted friend overseas who mails it on your behalf. To anyone looking at the envelope, it looks like the message came from your friend and not you.</p> <p>This technique shields your identity, protects your data from snoopers, and tricks websites into thinking you are browsing from another location.</p> <p>While often marketed as <a href="https://www.le-vpn.com/australia-cyber-privacy-vpn/">tools for online privacy</a>, VPNs have grown popular for another reason: access.</p> <p>Many people use VPNs to access geo-blocked content, secure their internet activity, work remotely – <a href="https://www.cyber.gov.au/protect-yourself/staying-secure-online/security-tips-remote-working">especially when handling sensitive data</a> – and protect against online tracking and targeted advertising.</p> <h2>VPNs are legal, if a bit grey</h2> <p>VPN services are offered by dozens of providers globally. Companies such as NordVPN, ProtonVPN, ExpressVPN and Surfshark offer paid subscriptions with strong security guarantees. Free VPNs also exist but come with caveats (more on this in a moment).</p> <p>In <a href="https://us.norton.com/blog/privacy/are-vpns-legal">most countries</a>, including <a href="https://www.cyber.gov.au/protect-yourself/staying-secure-online/connecting-to-public-wi-fi">Australia</a>, using a VPN is completely legal.</p> <p>However, what makes it murky is what one might use it <em>for</em>. While using a VPN is legal, engaging in illegal activities while using one remains prohibited.</p> <p>Streaming services like Netflix or Disney+ license content by region. Using a VPN to access a foreign catalogue may violate their terms of service and potentially be grounds for account suspension.</p> <p>Australian law does not criminalise accessing geo-blocked content via VPN, but the copyright act does prohibit circumventing “technological protection measures” in certain cases.</p> <p>The grey area lies in enforcement. Technically, copyright law does ban getting around certain protections. However, the <a href="https://www.copyright.org.au/browse/book/ACC-Geoblocking%2C-VPNs-%26-Copyright-INFO127">latest advice does not mention</a> any cases where regular users have been taken to court for this kind of behaviour.</p> <p>So far, enforcement has mostly targeted websites and platforms that host or enable large-scale copyright infringement; not everyday viewers who want to watch a show a bit early.</p> <h2>Beware of ‘free’ VPNs</h2> <p>Not all VPNs are created equal. While premium services invest in strong encryption and privacy protections, free VPNs often make money by collecting user data – <a href="https://www.choice.com.au/electronics-and-technology/internet/connecting-to-the-internet/buying-guides/vpn-services">the very thing you may be trying to avoid</a>.</p> <p>Risks of unsafe VPNs include data leaks, injection of ads or trackers into your browsing, and malware and spyware, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-25/viruses-spyware-found-in-alarming-number-of-android-vpn-apps/8210796">especially in free mobile apps</a> that claim to provide a VPN service.</p> <p>Using a poorly designed or dishonest VPN is like hiring a bodyguard who sells your location. It might give the impression of safety, but you may actually be more vulnerable than before.</p> <h2>Okay, so how do I choose a VPN?</h2> <p>With so many VPNs available, both free and paid, it can be hard to know which one to trust. If you are considering a VPN, here are five things to look for.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-vpn/policy-towards-logs">No-log policy</a>.</strong> A trustworthy VPN should have a strict no-log policy, meaning it does not store any records of your internet activity, connection time or IP address. This ensures even if the VPN provider is hacked, subpoenaed or pressured by a government, they have nothing to hand over.</p> <p><strong>Strong encryption standards.</strong> Encryption is what makes your data unreadable to anyone snooping on your connection, such as hackers on public WiFi or your internet provider. A somewhat technical thing to look out for is <a href="https://www.kiteworks.com/risk-compliance-glossary/aes-256-encryption/">AES 256-bit encryption</a> – it’s extremely secure and is used by banks and governments.</p> <p><strong>Independent audits.</strong> Reliable VPN services <a href="https://vpncentral.com/nordvpn-reaffirms-no-log-claims-with-fifth-deloitte-audit/">voluntarily undergo third-party audits</a> to verify their privacy claims and the security of their infrastructure.</p> <p><strong>Kill switch.</strong> A kill switch is a critical safety feature that automatically blocks internet traffic if the VPN connection drops. This prevents your real IP address and data from being exposed, even momentarily.</p> <p><strong>Jurisdiction.</strong> VPNs are subject to the laws of the country they are based in. The countries in the <a href="https://cyberinsider.com/5-eyes-9-eyes-14-eyes/">Five Eyes intelligence alliance</a> (Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States and New Zealand) may legally compel providers to hand over user data. If a VPN service has a strict no-log policy and does not collect information about what you do online, then even under legal pressure, there is nothing to hand over. So, you are safe.</p> <p>In an era of growing surveillance, cybercrime and corporate data collection, VPNs are essential tools for reclaiming your online privacy and data.</p> <p>But like any tool, the effectiveness (and ethics) of VPNs depend on how you use them. Next time you fire up your VPN, ask yourself – am I just dodging a digital border, or actively protecting my online freedom?<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/256559/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/meena-jha-542776">Meena Jha</a>, Head Technology and Pedagogy Cluster CML-NET, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/cquniversity-australia-2140">CQUniversity Australia</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/not-available-in-your-region-what-is-a-vpn-and-how-can-i-use-one-safely-256559">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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