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Sleep divorce: could sleeping separately from your partner lead to a better night’s rest?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Hundreds of years ago, it was common for married couples among the European upper classes to have separate bedrooms. Sleeping separately was a <a href="https://www.bedstar.co.uk/sleep-talk/queens-and-kings-separate-beds.html">symbol of luxury and status</a> historically reserved for royalty and the very wealthy.</p> <p>Nowadays, it’s common for married couples and other couples in relationships to sleep in the same bed. But sometimes – for reasons from conflicting schedules to snoring to sleep talking – couples might choose to sleep separately in pursuit of a better night’s sleep.</p> <p>This is known as “sleep divorce”. Though I prefer the term “sleep separation”, as this doesn’t have to be a permanent arrangement – but more on that later.</p> <p>So why might couples choose to sleep separately? And what does the evidence say about the effects on sleep quality if you sleep alone versus with a partner?</p> <h2>Why do couples opt for a sleep separation?</h2> <p>Couples may choose to sleep apart if one partner’s sleep is disturbing the other’s, or both are disrupting one another. This can happen for a variety of reasons.</p> <p>These include waking up frequently in the night, mismatched body clocks (for example, one person coming to bed later than the other), conflicting schedules (for example, shift workers), snoring, twitching legs or sleep talking.</p> <p>Parents with babies and young children may choose to sleep separately to avoid both partners’ sleep being disturbed.</p> <p>Those with conflicting preferences for sleeping environments, such as one partner liking a cool room with a fan and the other preferring warmth, may also decide to sleep apart.</p> <h2>What are the benefits of sleeping alone?</h2> <p>Many couples <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609123/">say they prefer</a> to sleep – and sleep better – next to their partner.</p> <p>But when scientists measure sleep objectively, such as via an electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess brain waves, the data actually shows <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609123/">poorer sleep quality</a> when co-sleeping. So sleeping alone may, in fact, mean better quality and longer sleep.</p> <p>Research also shows when one member of the couple has a sleep disorder, such as insomnia or <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obstructive-sleep-apnoea">sleep apnoea</a> (where breathing is frequently interrupted during sleep), these people often inadvertently <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818830/">wake up their partner</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31553049/">when they wake</a> in the night. So sleeping alone could be a good idea if your bed partner has a sleep disorder.</p> <p>What’s more, <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02654075231193449">studies have found</a> <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2644899/">sleep disturbances</a> are linked to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15164910/">reduced relationship satisfaction</a>. So sleeping apart could actually mean happier couples.</p> <p>Finally, anyone who has struggled with their sleep will know anxiety around sleep is common. Many clients I have seen who experience insomnia report sleeping alone can alleviate some of their anxiety because at least they know they won’t disturb, or be disturbed by, their partner.</p> <h2>Are there any downsides to separate sleeping arrangements?</h2> <p>Some people dislike sleeping alone, reporting comfort, and feelings of safety and protection when sleeping alongside their partner – and loneliness when they don’t.</p> <p>Sleeping separately also requires two rooms, or at least two beds. Many couples may not have these options available to them in their home.</p> <p>Sleeping separately is <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-22/couples-on-why-they-love-sleeping-separately/102448812">often stigmatised</a>, with some people seeing it as the death of a couple’s sex life. But while sleeping in separate beds may provide fewer opportunities for sex, this doesn’t necessarily mean the end of intimacy.</p> <p>Sleeping apart could mean some couples actually have more sex. We know better sleep is linked to more <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2644899/">positive feelings about relationships</a>, so it’s possible the desire to be intimate could increase after a good night’s sleep in separate beds. Sleeping apart may even mean some couples have more energy to be intimate.</p> <p>Nonetheless, if you choose to sleep separately from your partner, it’s important to have an open discussion and prioritise opportunities for connection and intimacy. One client I worked with referred to “visiting rights” where her partner came into her bed for a short period before sleep or in the morning.</p> <h2>Who should potentially consider a sleep separation?</h2> <p>You may wish to think about a “sleep separation” if you are disturbing each other’s sleep, have young children, or have different preferences in terms of temperature, light and noise, which are causing issues.</p> <p>Ultimately, if sleeping in the same bed is leading to poor sleep then sleeping apart, if it’s possible, could help.</p> <p>If you can’t sleep separately there may be other ways to reduce disturbance from a partner such as using an eye mask, white noise or earplugs.</p> <p>If you decide to try a sleep separation, remember this can be a flexible arrangement or “re-set” and doesn’t have to be permanent, or every night. Some couples find sleeping separately during the working week but sharing a bed on the weekend works well for them.</p> <p>Lastly, it’s important to talk to your GP about any persistent sleep problems, such as snoring, insomnia, or unusual behaviour during sleep (for example, shouting or walking around), as there may be an underlying sleep disorder which needs treating.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/258085/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alix-mellor-2406858">Alix Mellor</a>, Research Fellow, Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university-1065">Monash University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/sleep-divorce-could-sleeping-separately-from-your-partner-lead-to-a-better-nights-rest-258085">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / </em><em>Kampus Production</em></p> </div>

Relationships

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"I felt terrible": Robert Irwin owns up to dine and dash

<p>In what might be Australia’s most wholesome crime story of the year, wildlife warrior and all-round national treasure Robert Irwin has admitted to accidentally pulling off a classic dine and dash – and then publicly atoning like he just robbed a bank.</p> <p>The 21-year-old TV star and son of the late Steve Irwin took to Instagram with a red-faced confession after realising he had legged it from The Jetty Pavilion in Coffs Harbour without paying for his takeaway salad. Yes, a salad. Value: $26. Crime: Priceless.</p> <p>“I went in there, and there was a lot of people who, you know, saw me and said g’day, and wanted to have a photo,” Irwin explained, recalling the moment the selfie storm struck. “But it turned into a bit of a frenzy.”</p> <p>Caught up in the chaos of admirers and admirers-of-koalas, Irwin left with his Harvest Bowl in hand – but no transaction complete. “I just did the old dine and dash and didn’t even realise. I felt terrible,” he said, as every Australian over the age of five forgave him instantly.</p> <p>Ever the gentleman, Irwin reached out to the venue the next morning offering to settle up. But instead of sending him an invoice or calling the salad police, the owners had a different idea: “Just leave us a good review.”</p> <p>“I said, ‘I’ll do you one better!’” Irwin beamed, urging his eight million Instagram followers to support the cafe – effectively turning his accidental felony into a full-blown marketing campaign.</p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DLvztD7Bmrd/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DLvztD7Bmrd/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Robert Irwin (@robertirwinphotography)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Jetty Pavilion owners Kyle Miller and Ben Hemsworth were quick to assure the public they weren’t mad, just mildly starstruck and wildly grateful.</p> <p>“I was expecting just to see ‘Jetty Pavilion has a great salad’ on a Google review,” Hemsworth told <em>Today</em> on Monday. “Then I got a message from my daughter saying, ‘Oh my god, I saw the video!’ And my phone just lit up.”</p> <p>Miller cheekily pointed the finger at the restaurant’s staff for the oversight: “Some of the girls got a little starstruck and forgot to accept a payment… It’s not very common for us to get a world celebrity in the door, so we can’t blame the girls for that one. I guess he’s a good-lookin’ fella.”</p> <p>As for the Harvest Bowl at the centre of the scandal? It now has more media coverage than most federal budgets.</p> <p>So rest easy, Australia; Robert Irwin isn’t starting a life of crime. He’s just out there, unintentionally boosting small businesses and reminding us all that even our most beloved public figures are capable of a very polite whoopsie.</p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

Food & Wine

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Five common habits that might be harming your liver

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>The liver is one of the hardest working organs in the human body. It detoxifies harmful substances, helps with digestion, stores nutrients, and regulates metabolism.</p> <p>Despite its remarkable resilience – and even its ability to regenerate – the liver is not indestructible. In fact, many everyday habits, often overlooked, can slowly cause damage that may eventually lead to serious conditions <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cirrhosis/">such as cirrhosis</a> (permanent scarring of the liver) or liver failure.</p> <p>One of the challenges with liver disease is that it can be a silent threat. In its early stages, it may cause only vague symptoms like constant fatigue or nausea.</p> <p>As damage progresses, more obvious signs may emerge. <a href="https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/liver-health-2/symptoms-of-liver-disease/">One of the most recognisable</a> is jaundice, where the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow. While most people associate liver disease with heavy drinking, alcohol isn’t the only culprit. Here are five common habits that could be quietly harming your liver.</p> <h2>1. Drinking too much alcohol</h2> <p>Alcohol is perhaps the most well-known cause of liver damage. When you drink, your liver works to break down the alcohol and clear it from your system. But too much alcohol overwhelms this process, causing toxic by products to build up and damage liver cells.</p> <p>Alcohol-related liver disease <a href="https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/lyl-alcohol-and-the-liver/">progresses in stages</a>. At first, fat begins to accumulate in the liver (fatty liver), often without any noticeable symptoms and reversible if drinking stops. Continued drinking can lead to <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/alcohol-related-liver-disease-arld/">alcoholic hepatitis</a>, where inflammation and scar tissue begin to form as the liver attempts to heal itself.</p> <p>Over time, this scarring can develop into cirrhosis, where extensive hardening of the liver seriously affects its ability to function. While cirrhosis is difficult to reverse, stopping drinking can help prevent further damage.</p> <p>Even moderate drinking, if sustained over many years, can take its toll, particularly when combined with other risk factors like obesity or medication use. Experts recommend sticking to <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/alcohol-advice/calculating-alcohol-units/">no more than 14 units of alcohol</a> per week, and including alcohol-free days to give your liver time to recover.</p> <h2>2. Poor diet and unhealthy eating habits</h2> <p>You don’t need to drink alcohol to develop liver problems. Fat can build up in the liver due to an unhealthy diet, leading to a condition now called <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease">metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease</a> (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).</p> <p>Excess fat in the liver can impair its function and, over time, cause inflammation, scarring, and eventually cirrhosis. People who are overweight – particularly those who carry excess weight around their abdomen – are more likely to develop MASLD. <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease">Other risk factors include</a> high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gZQ3VFHq17E?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>Diet plays a huge role. Foods high in saturated fat, such as red meat, fried foods and processed snacks, can raise cholesterol levels and contribute to liver fat accumulation. Sugary foods and drinks are also a major risk factor. <strong>In 2018</strong>, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-018-1711-4">a review found</a> that people who consumed more sugar sweetened drinks had a 40% higher risk of developing fatty liver disease.</p> <p>Ultra-processed foods such as fast food, ready meals and snacks packed with added sugar and unhealthy fats also contribute to liver strain. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000291652366188X#sec6">A large study found</a> that people who ate more processed foods were significantly more likely to develop liver problems.</p> <p>On the flip side, eating a balanced, wholefood diet can help prevent – and even reverse – fatty liver disease. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9370227/">Research suggests</a> that diets rich in vegetables, fruit, whole grains, legumes, and fish may reduce liver fat and improve related risk factors such as high blood sugar and cholesterol.</p> <p>Staying hydrated is also important. Aim for around eight glasses of water a day to support your liver’s natural detoxification processes.</p> <h2>3. Overusing painkillers</h2> <p><a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10645398/">Many people turn to</a> over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol for headaches, muscle pain, or fever. While generally safe when used as directed, taking too much – even slightly exceeding the recommended dose – can be <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.13656#:%7E:text=As%20the%20toxic%20metabolite%20of,predispose%20patients%20to%20liver%20injury.">extremely dangerous</a> for your liver.</p> <p>The liver breaks down paracetamol, but in the process, produces a toxic by-product called NAPQI. Normally, the body neutralises NAPQI using a <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Glutathione">protective substance called glutathione</a>. However, in an overdose, glutathione stores become depleted, allowing NAPQI to accumulate and attack liver cells. This can <a href="https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/researchers-shed-new-light-paracetamol-causes-liver-damage/#:%7E:text=Paracetamol%20is%20an%20effective%20treatment,came%20out%20worse%20than%20Britain.">result in acute liver failure</a>, which can be fatal.</p> <p>Even small overdoses, or <a href="https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/analgesia-mild-to-moderate-pain/management/paracetamol/">combining paracetamol with alcohol</a>, can increase the risk of serious harm. Always stick to the recommended dose and speak to a doctor if you find yourself needing pain relief regularly.</p> <h2>4. Lack of exercise</h2> <p>A sedentary lifestyle is another major risk factor for liver disease. Physical inactivity contributes to weight gain, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction – all of which can promote fat accumulation in the liver.</p> <p>The good news is that exercise can benefit your liver even if you don’t lose much weight. <a href="https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/60/9/1278.full.pdf">One study found</a> that just eight weeks of resistance training reduced liver fat by 13% and improved blood sugar control. Aerobic exercise is <a href="https://liver.org.au/news/exercise-for-fatty-liver-disease-has-benefits-beyond-weight-loss/#:%7E:text=%E2%80%9CExercise%20can%20benefit%20liver%20health%20by%20reducing,physical%20strength%20and%20body%20composition%2C%E2%80%9D%20she%20says.&amp;text=To%20reduce%20liver%20fat%2C%20it's%20recommended%20that,of%20at%20least%20moderate%20intensity%20aerobic%20exercise.">also highly effective</a>: regular brisk walking for 30 minutes, five times a week, has been shown to reduce liver fat and improve insulin sensitivity.</p> <h2>5. Smoking</h2> <p>Most people associate smoking with lung cancer or heart disease, but many don’t realise the <a href="https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(22)00029-0/fulltext">serious damage</a> it can do to the liver.</p> <p>Cigarette smoke contains thousands of toxic chemicals that <a href="https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/living-with-a-liver-condition/stopping-smoking/">increase the liver’s workload</a> as it tries to filter and break them down. Over time, this can lead to <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4088100/">oxidative stress</a>, where unstable molecules (free radicals) damage liver cells, restrict blood flow, and contribute to scarring (cirrhosis).</p> <p>Smoking also significantly raises the risk of liver cancer. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8683172/">Harmful chemicals</a> in tobacco smoke, including nitrosamines, vinyl chloride, tar, and 4-aminobiphenyl, are <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/what-is-a-carcinogen#bottom-line">all known carcinogens</a>. <a href="https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/risks-causes">According to Cancer Research UK</a>, smoking accounts for around 20% of liver cancer cases in the UK.</p> <h2>Love your liver</h2> <p>The liver is a remarkably robust organ – but it isn’t invincible. You can protect it by drinking alcohol in moderation, quitting smoking, taking medications responsibly, eating a balanced diet, staying active and keeping hydrated.</p> <p>If you notice any symptoms that may suggest liver trouble, such as ongoing fatigue, nausea, or jaundice, don’t delay speaking to your doctor. The earlier liver problems are detected, the <a href="https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/information-and-support/love-your-liver/free-liver-scan/#:%7E:text=Finding%20liver%20disease%20early%20means,t%20give%20anyone%20a%20diagnosis.&amp;text=Liver%20scans%20are%20also%20available,to%20check%20your%20liver%20health.">better the chance of successful treatment</a>.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/256921/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/dipa-kamdar-1485027">Dipa Kamdar</a>, Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy Practice, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/kingston-university-949">Kingston University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/five-common-habits-that-might-be-harming-your-liver-256921">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Pexels / </em><em>Andrea Piacquadio</em></p> </div>

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Jaws at 50: how two musical notes terrified an entire generation

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Our experience of the world often involves hearing our environment before seeing it. Whether it’s the sound of something moving through nearby water, or the rustling of vegetation, our fear of the unseen is rooted in our survival instincts as a species.</p> <p>Cinematic sound and music taps into these somewhat unsettling instincts – and this is exactly what director Steven Spielberg and composer John Williams achieved in the iconic 1975 thriller <em>Jaws</em>. The sound design and musical score work in tandem to confront the audience with a mysterious killer animal.</p> <p>In what is arguably the film’s most iconic scene, featuring beach swimmers’ legs flailing underwater, the shark remains largely unseen – yet the sound perfectly conveys the threat at large.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rW23RsUTb2Y?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <h2>Creating tension in a soundtrack</h2> <p>Film composers aim to create soundscapes that will profoundly move and influence their audience. And they express these intentions through the use of musical elements such as rhythm, harmony, tempo, form, dynamics, melody and texture.</p> <p>In <em>Jaws</em>, the initial encounter with the shark opens innocently with the sound of an offshore buoy and its clanging bell. The scene is established both musically and atmospherically to evoke a sense of isolation for the two characters enjoying a late-night swim on an empty beach.</p> <p>But once we hear the the low strings, followed by the central two-note motif played on a tuba, we know something sinister is afoot.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yrEvK-tv5OI?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>This compositional technique of alternating between two notes at an increasing speed has long been employed by composers, including by Antonín Dvořák in his 1893 work <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOofzffyDSA&amp;pp=ygUcdGhlIG5ldyB3b3JsZCBzeW1waG9ueSBuby4gOQ==">New World Symphony</a>.</p> <p>John Williams <a href="https://limelight-arts.com.au/features/the-music-of-jaws-an-interview-with-john-williams/">reportedly used</a> six basses, eight cellos, four trombones and a tuba to create the blend of low frequencies that would go on to define his entire Jaws score.</p> <p>The bass instruments emphasise the lower end of the musical frequency spectrum, evoking a dark timbre that conveys depth, power and intensity. String players can use various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_technique">bowing techniques</a>, such as staccato and marcato, to deliver dark and even menacing tones, especially in the lower registers.</p> <p>Meanwhile, there is a marked absence of tonality in the repeating E–F notes, played with increasing speed on the tuba. Coupled with the intensifying dynamics in the instrumental blend, this accelerating two-note motif signals the looming danger before we even see it – tapping into our instinctive fear of the unknown.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BQKLJ2MuHvY?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>The use of the two-note motif and lower-end orchestration characterises a composition style that aims to unsettle and disorientate the audience. Another example of this style can be heard in Bernard Herrmann’s <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kvzZ6nkZ6Q">car crash scene audio</a> in <em>North by Northwest</em> (1959).</p> <p>Similarly, in Sergei Prokofiev’s <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=Y4U7wNZu-CU%22%22">Scythian Suite</a></em>, the opening of the second movement (Dance of the Pagan Gods) uses an alternating D#–E motif.</p> <p>The elasticity of Williams’ motif allows the two notes to be played on different instruments throughout the soundtrack, exploring various timbral possibilities to induce a kaleidoscope of fear, panic and dread.</p> <h2>The psychology behind our response</h2> <p>What is it that makes the Jaws soundtrack so psychologically confronting, even without the visuals? Music scholars have various theories. <a href="https://boldentrance.com/the-power-of-jaws-is-in-john-williams-two-note-musical-score/">Some suggest</a> the two notes imitate the sound of human respiration, while others have proposed the theme evokes the heartbeat of a shark.</p> <p>Williams explained his approach <a href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-john-williams-20120108-story.html">in an interview</a> with the Los Angeles Times:</p> <blockquote> <p>I fiddled around with the idea of creating something that was very … brainless […] Meaning something could be very repetitious, very visceral, and grab you in your gut, not in your brain. […] It could be something you could play very softly, which would indicate that the shark is far away when all you see is water. Brainless music that gets louder and gets closer to you, something is gonna swallow you up.</p> </blockquote> <p>Williams plays with the audience’s emotions throughout the film’s score, culminating in the scene Man Against Beast – a celebration of thematic development and heightened orchestration.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xrjUIz7fy6c?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>The film’s iconic soundtrack has created a legacy that extends beyond the visual. And this suggests the score isn’t just a soundtrack – but a character in its own right.</p> <p>By using music to reveal what is hidden, Williams creates an intense emotional experience rife with anticipation and tension. The score’s two-note motif showcases his genius – and serves as a sonic shorthand that has kept a generation behind the breakers of every beach.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/258068/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alison-cole-1443114">Alison Cole</a>, Composer and Lecturer in Screen Composition, Sydney Conservatorium of Music, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-sydney-841">University of Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/jaws-at-50-how-two-musical-notes-terrified-an-entire-generation-258068">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: </em></p> </div>

Movies

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‘Not available in your region’: what is a VPN and how can I use one safely?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>“This video is not available in your location”. It’s a message familiar to many people trying to watch global content online. But beneath this frustration lies a deeper question – how do we navigate digital borders safely and ethically?</p> <p>As our digital lives expand, so too does our desire for access. Maybe you want to see the latest streaming shows before they arrive in your country. Maybe you’re a sports fan wanting to watch live broadcasts of international events. Or perhaps you need to log into your company’s secure intranet while at home or overseas.</p> <p>Enter the virtual private network (VPN) – a technology that’s become as essential as antivirus software for many. With many commercial and free VPN providers on the market, interest in these services <a href="https://www.comparitech.com/vpn/vpn-statistics/">has grown in recent years</a>.</p> <h2>How does a VPN work?</h2> <p>A <a href="https://computingaustralia.com.au/5-minute-helpdesk-what-is-a-vpn-and-why-should-i-use-one/">VPN</a> is like a secure tunnel between your device and the internet. When you use a VPN, your <a href="https://www.esafety.gov.au/key-topics/online-tools-and-features/encryption">internal traffic is scrambled into unreadable data</a> and routed through a remote server, which also masks your real IP address.</p> <p>Think of it like this: instead of sending a postcard with your return address, you send it in an envelope to a trusted friend overseas who mails it on your behalf. To anyone looking at the envelope, it looks like the message came from your friend and not you.</p> <p>This technique shields your identity, protects your data from snoopers, and tricks websites into thinking you are browsing from another location.</p> <p>While often marketed as <a href="https://www.le-vpn.com/australia-cyber-privacy-vpn/">tools for online privacy</a>, VPNs have grown popular for another reason: access.</p> <p>Many people use VPNs to access geo-blocked content, secure their internet activity, work remotely – <a href="https://www.cyber.gov.au/protect-yourself/staying-secure-online/security-tips-remote-working">especially when handling sensitive data</a> – and protect against online tracking and targeted advertising.</p> <h2>VPNs are legal, if a bit grey</h2> <p>VPN services are offered by dozens of providers globally. Companies such as NordVPN, ProtonVPN, ExpressVPN and Surfshark offer paid subscriptions with strong security guarantees. Free VPNs also exist but come with caveats (more on this in a moment).</p> <p>In <a href="https://us.norton.com/blog/privacy/are-vpns-legal">most countries</a>, including <a href="https://www.cyber.gov.au/protect-yourself/staying-secure-online/connecting-to-public-wi-fi">Australia</a>, using a VPN is completely legal.</p> <p>However, what makes it murky is what one might use it <em>for</em>. While using a VPN is legal, engaging in illegal activities while using one remains prohibited.</p> <p>Streaming services like Netflix or Disney+ license content by region. Using a VPN to access a foreign catalogue may violate their terms of service and potentially be grounds for account suspension.</p> <p>Australian law does not criminalise accessing geo-blocked content via VPN, but the copyright act does prohibit circumventing “technological protection measures” in certain cases.</p> <p>The grey area lies in enforcement. Technically, copyright law does ban getting around certain protections. However, the <a href="https://www.copyright.org.au/browse/book/ACC-Geoblocking%2C-VPNs-%26-Copyright-INFO127">latest advice does not mention</a> any cases where regular users have been taken to court for this kind of behaviour.</p> <p>So far, enforcement has mostly targeted websites and platforms that host or enable large-scale copyright infringement; not everyday viewers who want to watch a show a bit early.</p> <h2>Beware of ‘free’ VPNs</h2> <p>Not all VPNs are created equal. While premium services invest in strong encryption and privacy protections, free VPNs often make money by collecting user data – <a href="https://www.choice.com.au/electronics-and-technology/internet/connecting-to-the-internet/buying-guides/vpn-services">the very thing you may be trying to avoid</a>.</p> <p>Risks of unsafe VPNs include data leaks, injection of ads or trackers into your browsing, and malware and spyware, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-25/viruses-spyware-found-in-alarming-number-of-android-vpn-apps/8210796">especially in free mobile apps</a> that claim to provide a VPN service.</p> <p>Using a poorly designed or dishonest VPN is like hiring a bodyguard who sells your location. It might give the impression of safety, but you may actually be more vulnerable than before.</p> <h2>Okay, so how do I choose a VPN?</h2> <p>With so many VPNs available, both free and paid, it can be hard to know which one to trust. If you are considering a VPN, here are five things to look for.</p> <p><strong><a href="https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-vpn/policy-towards-logs">No-log policy</a>.</strong> A trustworthy VPN should have a strict no-log policy, meaning it does not store any records of your internet activity, connection time or IP address. This ensures even if the VPN provider is hacked, subpoenaed or pressured by a government, they have nothing to hand over.</p> <p><strong>Strong encryption standards.</strong> Encryption is what makes your data unreadable to anyone snooping on your connection, such as hackers on public WiFi or your internet provider. A somewhat technical thing to look out for is <a href="https://www.kiteworks.com/risk-compliance-glossary/aes-256-encryption/">AES 256-bit encryption</a> – it’s extremely secure and is used by banks and governments.</p> <p><strong>Independent audits.</strong> Reliable VPN services <a href="https://vpncentral.com/nordvpn-reaffirms-no-log-claims-with-fifth-deloitte-audit/">voluntarily undergo third-party audits</a> to verify their privacy claims and the security of their infrastructure.</p> <p><strong>Kill switch.</strong> A kill switch is a critical safety feature that automatically blocks internet traffic if the VPN connection drops. This prevents your real IP address and data from being exposed, even momentarily.</p> <p><strong>Jurisdiction.</strong> VPNs are subject to the laws of the country they are based in. The countries in the <a href="https://cyberinsider.com/5-eyes-9-eyes-14-eyes/">Five Eyes intelligence alliance</a> (Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States and New Zealand) may legally compel providers to hand over user data. If a VPN service has a strict no-log policy and does not collect information about what you do online, then even under legal pressure, there is nothing to hand over. So, you are safe.</p> <p>In an era of growing surveillance, cybercrime and corporate data collection, VPNs are essential tools for reclaiming your online privacy and data.</p> <p>But like any tool, the effectiveness (and ethics) of VPNs depend on how you use them. Next time you fire up your VPN, ask yourself – am I just dodging a digital border, or actively protecting my online freedom?<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/256559/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/meena-jha-542776">Meena Jha</a>, Head Technology and Pedagogy Cluster CML-NET, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/cquniversity-australia-2140">CQUniversity Australia</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/not-available-in-your-region-what-is-a-vpn-and-how-can-i-use-one-safely-256559">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Technology

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How to get started investing later in life

<p>For some people – particularly women – investing may not have been an option until now, constrained by a lack of income while raising children or low incomes leaving nothing to invest once the bills were paid.</p> <p>Others find a new-found need to invest later in life, such as after a separation, inability to work through illness or injury, or the sudden death of their partner.</p> <p>No matter your reason for exploring investing later in life, the following pointers will get you on your way to building financial independence and a comfortable retirement.</p> <p><strong>Update your strategy</strong></p> <p>When was the last time you updated your spending and investment plan (or household budget)? It may have been before the kids left home, your mortgage was paid off, or you began transitioning into part-time retirement. </p> <p>If so, your living costs have changed significantly – work expenses, home energy consumption, groceries etc. Furthermore, your goals, healthcare and lifestyle needs may also have changed.</p> <p>Update your strategy to align with your current goals, values, income and spending habits. Only then will you understand how much you can afford to invest and where to direct those funds.</p> <p><strong>Right-size your superannuation</strong></p> <p>In your later years, super is likely to be front of mind. Ensure this investment works its hardest for you by scrutinising its:</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Structure: retail or industry fund? SMSF? Each has its own costs and benefits to contemplate.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Investments: reexamine the types of assets held, level of diversification and risk weighting.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Insurances: do you have adequate life, permanent disability and income protection cover? </p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Take advantage of superannuation strategies you may not be aware of</p> <p><strong>Unlock home equity</strong></p> <p>The biggest source of money you likely have at this stage of life is equity in your home. </p> <p>This can be used to invest with minimal impact on your everyday finances. In fact, unused equity is effectively dead money (until you sell the property).</p> <p>I always urge caution on reverse mortgages. In theory, they seem like a great way of unlocking equity without saddling you with regular repayments. However, they typically:</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>accumulate more debt.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>have higher interest rates than standard mortgages.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>only grant access to a portion of your equity.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>can restrict your options to downsize later.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>could leave you with no remaining equity when you sell the property or nothing to leave to your benefactors when you pass away.</p> <p><strong>Consider downsizing</strong></p> <p>An alternative to refinancing is downsizing from the family home. </p> <p>As well as unlocking money for investing, you benefit from lower upkeep costs (and cleaning!) on a smaller property and can make a lifestyle change at the same time (moving nearer to family, away from bustling cities, or into supported care if required).</p> <p>Additionally, you may be able to use part of the sale proceeds (up to $300,000) to turbocharge your super with a one-off <a href="https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/super-for-individuals-and-families/super/growing-and-keeping-track-of-your-super/how-to-save-more-in-your-super/downsizer-super-contributions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">downsizer contribution</a>.</p> <p><strong>Examine pension impacts</strong></p> <p>Investing can impact your ability to claim the age pension when you retire, and how much you receive. </p> <p>This often comes to bite people who unlock equity in their home to invest, without realising that doing so means the money suddenly counts towards the pension means test.</p> <p>Before doing anything, methodically weigh up which will leave you financially better off – claiming a full or part pension, or self-funding your retirement through investments.</p> <p><strong>Minimise tax</strong></p> <p>Hefty tax bills can easily wipe out any investment returns, making tax a crucial factor in your decision-making.</p> <p>Potential tax considerations to factor into your strategy include:</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Determining the most tax-effective ownership structure (e.g. do you invest in your or partner’s name? Through your super? Through a trust or company?</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Incorporating stamp duty into purchase costs.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Ensuring there is enough profit from the sale of an investment to cover Capital Gains Tax (CGT) and income tax liabilities before deciding to sell.</p> <p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Timing a sale to fall within the optimal financial year (e.g. in a year where your taxable income is lower or when relevant tax changes come into effect).</p> <p><strong>Invest in knowledge</strong></p> <p>Later in life, you have fewer working years remaining to recover any losses. Given the far-reaching implications of investing, I highly recommend first speaking to a financial adviser.  Many times the fees are paid for in initial tax savings. </p> <p>They can help you maximise your returns, minimise your tax, ensure you don’t inadvertently leave yourself worse off and give you peace of mind.</p> <p>After all, the whole point of investing is to make money. And, without current professional advice, you simply don’t know what you don’t know!</p> <p><em>Helen Baker is a licensed Australian financial adviser and author of the new book, Money For Life: How to build financial security from firm foundations (Major Street Publishing $32.99). Helen is among the 1% of financial planners who hold a master’s degree in the field. Proceeds from book sales are donated to charities supporting disadvantaged women and children. Find out more at <a href="http://www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au</a></em></p> <p><em>Disclaimer: The information in this article is of a general nature only and does not constitute personal financial or product advice. Any opinions or views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent those of people, institutions or organisations the owner may be associated with in a professional or personal capacity unless explicitly stated. Helen Baker is an authorised representative of BPW Partners Pty Ltd AFSL 548754.</em></p> <p> </p>

Retirement Income

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Brave boxer dies at 25 just two weeks after getting married

<p>The boxing world is in mourning following the heartbreaking news that Georgia O’Connor, a rising star and beloved figure in British sport, has passed away at just 25 after a courageous battle with a rare and aggressive form of cancer.</p> <p>O’Connor, who once stood atop the podium with Commonwealth Youth gold in 2017 and later turned professional with a flawless 3-0 record, revealed her cancer diagnosis earlier this year. She had also been living with ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, showing extraordinary strength both in and out of the ring.</p> <p>Despite being surrounded by support from fans and fellow fighters alike, the Durham-born athlete died earlier this week, leaving the sporting community reeling with grief.</p> <p>In her final post on Instagram, made just two weeks before her passing, Georgia shared a radiant photo of her wedding ring, announcing that she had married her partner Adriano. “The day I married the love of my life,” she wrote.</p> <p>In February, she penned a heartfelt tribute to her husband, calling him her “superhero” and “real-life prince”. Her words captured the depth of their bond during her illness: “From the moment I was diagnosed with cancer, Adriano didn’t hesitate. He quit his job without a second thought and made it his mission to fight this battle alongside me… I have never known love like this.”</p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DJjF1RCMnlo/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DJjF1RCMnlo/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Georgia Cardinali (@georgiaoconnor_1)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Tributes have since poured in from across the sporting world. Boxing promoter BOXXER, who represented O’Connor, said: “We are heartbroken by the passing of Georgia O’Connor. A true warrior inside and outside the ring, the boxing community has lost a talented, courageous and determined young woman far too soon.”</p> <p>Ben Shalom, BOXXER’s founder, added: “It’s hard to make sense of this. Georgia was an inspirational person and one I’ll never forget. My heart goes out to her parents and partner.”</p> <p>Frank Warren’s Queensberry Promotions shared their condolences, writing: “Everyone at Queensberry Promotions are deeply saddened… Rest in peace, Georgia.”</p> <p>England Boxing also paid tribute, highlighting her decorated amateur career: “A gifted boxer and beloved member of the amateur boxing community, she won medals at the Commonwealth Youth Games, Youth Worlds & European Championships.”</p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DFfnk84IZb5/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DFfnk84IZb5/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Georgia Cardinali (@georgiaoconnor_1)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>O’Connor's talents were not confined to the ring. A three-time national taekwondo champion and undefeated kickboxer, she was also musically gifted, sharing videos of herself singing and playing guitar with fans online. YouTuber-turned-boxer Jake Paul responded simply but powerfully: “F*** cancer. RIP Georgia.”</p> <p>Fellow boxer Joe Laws posted a photo with her, captioning it: “Fighter till the end. Rest easy bro.”</p> <p>Georgia O’Connor's life was short, but her impact was profound. In every arena she entered – whether in gloves or with a guitar – she brought strength, grace and authenticity.  She is survived by her husband Adriano, her family and countless fans who will never forget her spirit.</p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

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Seven things to eat or avoid to lower your blood pressure

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>High blood pressure is called the <em>silent killer</em>. That’s because it has <a href="http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/SymptomsDiagnosisMonitoringofHighBloodPressure/What-are-the-Symptoms-of-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301871_Article.jsp#.V7OWWI9OI2w">no symptoms</a>. Having high blood pressure (hypertension) increases your risk of heart disease, stroke, heart failure and kidney disease.</p> <p>Six million Australian adults (34%) have high blood pressure – 140/90 millimetres of mercury (mmHg) or more – or take medications for it. Of those, <a href="https://heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/PRO-167_Hypertension-guideline-2016_WEB.pdf">four million have high blood pressure that isn’t treated or under control</a>.</p> <p>No wonder heart disease and stroke directly cost the Australian economy <a href="http://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129546379">A$7.7 billion a year</a>.</p> <p>There is some good news. High blood pressure can be treated or prevented. Eating oats, fruit and vegetables – and beetroot, in particular – helps. So does avoiding salt, liquorice, caffeine and alcohol.</p> <p>Optimal blood pressure is <a href="https://theconversation.com/blood-pressure-targets-what-does-the-new-guideline-say-and-how-low-should-you-go-62684">120 mmHg or less</a> over 80 mmHg or less. Lowering it by 1-2 mmHg can have a big impact on reducing your risk of heart disease and stroke, and the nation’s health care costs.</p> <h2>What to eat to lower your blood pressure</h2> <p><strong>Rolled oats</strong></p> <p>A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25668347">review with five research trials included</a> tested the impact of oats on systolic blood pressure (the first blood pressure number, which is the pressure at which the heart pumps blood) and diastolic blood pressure (the second number, which is when the heart relaxes) in about 400 healthy adults.</p> <p>The researchers found that systolic blood pressure was 2.7  mmHg lower and diastolic blood pressure was 1.5 mmHg lower when participants ate around 60 grams of rolled oats (a packed half-cup raw oats) or 25 grams of oat bran per day.</p> <p>This quantity of oats or oat bran contains around four grams of a type of fibre called <a href="http://www.healthline.com/health/beta-glucan-heart-healthy">beta-glucan</a>.</p> <p>For each extra one gram of total daily fibre, there was an extra 0.11 mmHg reduction in diastolic blood pressure.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Recommended <a href="https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/dietary-fibre">minimum daily adult fibre intakes</a> are 30 grams for men and 25 grams for women.</p> <p>While some of fibre’s effect is due to weight loss, soluble fibres produce bioactive products when they’re fermented in the large bowel. These work directly to lower blood pressure.</p> <p>To improve your blood pressure, eat rolled oats or oat bran for breakfast, add to meat patties, or mix with breadcrumbs in recipes that call for crumbing.</p> <p><strong>Beetroot</strong></p> <p>Beetroot is extremely rich in a compound called inorganic nitrate. During digestion, this gets converted into nitric oxide, which causes arteries to dilate. This directly lowers the pressure in them.</p> <p>A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23596162">review of 16 trials</a> of mostly healthy young men found drinking beetroot juice was associated with a 4.4 mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure. But it found no change in diastolic blood pressure.</p> <p>However a recent <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25421976">trial in 68 adults</a> who already had high blood pressure found beetroot juice reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The men were randomly assigned to drink 250ml (one cup) of beetroot juice daily for four weeks or a non-active placebo.</p> <p>Blood pressure in the men who drank the beetroot juice reduced over 24 hours, with systolic blood pressure 7.7 mmHg lower and diastolic blood pressure 5.2 mmHg lower.</p> <p>Try wrapping whole fresh beetroot in foil and baking in the oven until soft, or grate beetroot and stir-fry with red onion and curry paste and eat as a relish.</p> <p><strong>Vitamin C</strong></p> <p>Vitamin C, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C">ascorbic acid</a>, is found in fresh vegetables and fruit. An average serve contains 10-40mg of vitamin C.</p> <p>In a review of 29 short-term <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22492364">trials of vitamin C supplements</a>, people were given 500 mg of vitamin C per day for about eight weeks.</p> <p>Blood pressure significantly improved, with an average reduction in systolic blood pressure of 3.84 mmHg and 1.48 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>When only those with existing high blood pressure were considered, the drop in systolic blood pressure was 4.85 mmHg.</p> <p>However, those <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26463139">at risk of kidney stones</a> need to be cautious about taking vitamin C supplements. Excess vitamin C is excreted via the kidneys and can contribute to the formation of kidney stones.</p> <p>One advantage of getting more vitamin C from eating more vegetables and fruit is that you boost your potassium intake, which helps <a href="http://www.bloodpressureuk.org/microsites/salt/Home/Whypotassiumhelps">counter the effects of sodium</a> from salt.</p> <h2>What to avoid to lower your blood pressure</h2> <p><strong>Salt</strong></p> <p>Salt or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt">sodium chloride</a> has been used to preserve foods and as a flavour enhancer for centuries.</p> <p>High salt intakes are <a href="http://www.bmj.com/content/312/7041/1249?ijkey=cd4b7840cc559055a2997d90100361217218f6e8&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha">associated with higher blood pressure</a>.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Adults <a href="https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/sodium">need between 1.2 to 2.4g of salt each day</a> (one-quarter to a half teaspoon), which is equivalent to 460 to 920mg of sodium.</p> <p>But in Australia seven out of ten men and three in ten women eat way more than that – and much more than the upper recommended limit of 5.9 grams of salt (about one teaspoon) or <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4364.0.55.008%7E2011-12%7EMain%20Features%7ESodium%7E403">2,300 mg of sodium per day</a>.</p> <p>If you add salt to food yourself this pushes your sodium intake even higher.</p> <p>A <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558162">review of studies</a> involving 3,230 people showed that reducing salt intakes by 4.4 grams a day could reduce systolic blood pressure by about 4.2 mmHg and diastolic by 2.1 mmHg.</p> <p>In those who had high blood pressure there were even bigger reductions of 5.4 mmHg (systolic) and 2.8 mmHg (diastolic).</p> <p>Avoid foods high in sodium. Don’t add salt and try to choose lower-salt versions of processed foods.</p> <p><strong>Alcohol</strong></p> <p>Consuming one or more alcoholic drink a day is <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752957">associated with systolic blood pressure</a> that is about 2.7 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 1.4 mmHg higher than non-drinkers.</p> <p>Interestingly, when you first drink an alcoholic beverage, blood pressure goes down, only to rise later.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A rise in blood pressure after drinking alcohol is <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26123682">more likely to happen when you’re awake</a>, rather during sleep.</p> <p>The bad news is that larger amounts of alcohol increase your risk of high blood pressure, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23126352">especially in men</a>, but also to a lesser extent <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19804464">in women</a>.</p> <p><strong>Liquorice</strong></p> <p>High blood pressure due to eating black liquorice is rare, but <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26380428">case reports have occurred</a>.</p> <p>Most liquorice candy sold currently contains very little true liquorice root and therefore, little <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhizin">glycyrrhizic acid</a> (GZA), the active ingredient.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Occasionally, liquorice candy does contain GZA in large amounts. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944880">GZA causes sodium retention and potassium loss</a>, which contributes to high blood pressure.</p> <p>So check liquorice food labels. Take care <em>if</em> it contains liquorice root.</p> <p><strong>Caffeine</strong></p> <p>Caffeine is most commonly consumed in coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks.</p> <p>High intakes of caffeine from coffee <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880846">increase blood pressure</a> in the short term.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21880846">review of five trials</a>, people given one to two cups of strong coffee had an increase in their systolic blood pressure of 8.1 mmHg and 5.7 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure, up to about three hours after drinking it.</p> <p>But three studies that lasted two weeks found drinking coffee did not increase blood pressure compared with decaffeinated coffee or avoiding caffeine. So you need to monitor your individual response to caffeine.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/63940/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/clare-collins-7316">Clare Collins</a>, Professor in Nutrition and Dietetics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tracy-burrows-172931">Tracy Burrows</a>, Senior Lecturer Nutrition and Dietetics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tracy-schumacher-295602">Tracy Schumacher</a>, Research Associate, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/seven-things-to-eat-or-avoid-to-lower-your-blood-pressure-63940">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: St Mary's Healthcare System</em></p> </div>

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What is a blood cholesterol ratio? And what should yours be?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Have you had a blood test to check your cholesterol level? These check the different blood fat components:</p> <ul> <li>total cholesterol</li> <li>LDL (low-density lipoprotein), which is sometimes called “bad cholesterol”</li> <li>HDL (high-density lipoprotein), which is sometimes called “good cholesterol”</li> <li>triglycerides.</li> </ul> <p>Your clinician then compares your test results to normal ranges – and may use ratios to compare different types of cholesterol.</p> <p><iframe id="8KC9s" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/8KC9s/6/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <p>High blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This is a broad term that includes disease of blood vessels throughout the body, arteries in the heart (known as coronary heart disease), heart failure, heart valve conditions, arrhythmia and stroke.</p> <p>So what does cholesterol do? And what does it mean to have a healthy cholesterol ratio?</p> <h2>What are blood fats?</h2> <p>Cholesterol is a waxy type of fat made in the liver and gut, with a small amount of pre-formed cholesterol coming from food.</p> <p>Cholesterol is found in all cell membranes, contributing to their structure and function. Your body <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513326/">uses cholesterol to make</a> vitamin D, bile acid, and hormones, including oestrogen, testosterone, cortisol and aldosterone.</p> <p>When there is too much cholesterol in your blood, it gets deposited into artery walls, making them hard and narrow. This process is called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.</p> <p>Cholesterol is <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513326/">packaged with</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride">triglycerides</a> (the most common type of fat in the body) and specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein">“apo” proteins</a> into “lipo-proteins” as a package called “very-low-density” lipoproteins (VLDLs).</p> <p>These are transported via the blood to body tissue in a form called low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.</p> <p>Excess cholesterol can be transported back to the liver by high-density lipoprotein, the HDL, for removal from circulation.</p> <p>Another less talked about blood fat is Lipoprotein-a, or Lp(a). This is determined by your genetics and <a href="https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/high-cholesterol">not influenced by lifestyle factors</a>. About one in five (<a href="https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2021/may/lipid-management-and-implications-for-australian-g">20%</a>) of Australians are carriers.</p> <p>Having a high Lp(a) level is an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor.</p> <h2>Knowing your numbers</h2> <p>Your blood fat levels <a href="https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/high-blood-cholesterol">are affected by</a> both modifiable factors:</p> <ul> <li>dietary intake</li> <li>physical activity</li> <li>alcohol</li> <li>smoking</li> <li>weight status.</li> </ul> <p>And non-modifiable factors:</p> <ul> <li>age</li> <li>sex</li> <li>family history.</li> </ul> <p><iframe id="S7Xp4" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/S7Xp4/1/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <h2>What are cholesterol ratios?</h2> <p>Cholesterol ratios are sometimes used to provide more detail on the balance between different types of blood fats and to evaluate risk of developing heart disease.</p> <p>Commonly used ratios include:</p> <h2>1. Total cholesterol to HDL ratio</h2> <p>This ratio is used in Australia to <a href="https://www.cvdcheck.org.au/calculator">assess risk of heart disease</a>. It’s calculated by dividing your total cholesterol number by your HDL (good) cholesterol number.</p> <p>A higher ratio (<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cholesterol-ratio-calculator#how-to-calculate">greater than 5</a>) is associated with a higher risk of heart disease, whereas a lower ratio is associated with a lower risk of heart disease.</p> <p>A <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36589799/">study</a> of 32,000 Americans over eight years found adults who had either very high, or very low, total cholesterol/HDL ratios were at 26% and 18% greater risk of death from any cause during the study period.</p> <p>Those with a ratio of greater than 4.2 had a 13% higher risk of death from heart disease than those with a ratio lower than 4.2.</p> <h2>2. Non-HDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio (NHHR)</h2> <p>Non-HDL cholesterol is the total cholesterol minus HDL. Non-HDL cholesterol includes all blood fats such as LDL, triglycerides, Lp(a) and others. This ratio is abbreviated as NHHR.</p> <p>This ratio has been used more recently because it compares the ratio of “bad” blood fats that can contribute to atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries) to “good” or anti-atherogenic blood fats (HDL).</p> <p>Non-HDL cholesterol is a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31170997/">stronger predictor of cardiovascular disease risk</a> than LDL alone, while <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37228232/">HDL is associated with</a> lower cardiovascular disease risk.</p> <p>Because this ratio removes the “good” cholesterol from the non-HDL part of the ratio, it is not penalising those people who have really high amounts of “good” HDL that make up their total cholesterol, which the first ratio does.</p> <p>Research has suggested this ratio may be a stronger <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39949279/">predictor of atherosclerosis in women than men</a>, however more research is needed.</p> <p>Another <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39415313">study</a> followed more than 10,000 adults with type 2 diabetes from the United States and Canada for about five years. The researchers found that for each unit increase in the ratio, there was around a 12% increased risk of having a heart attack, stroke or death.</p> <p>They identified a risk threshold of 6.28 or above, after adjusting for other risk factors. Anyone with a ratio greater than this is at very high risk and would require management to lower their risk of heart disease.</p> <h2>3. LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio</h2> <p>LDL/HDL is calculated by dividing your LDL cholesterol number by the HDL number. This gives a ratio of “bad” to “good” cholesterol.</p> <p>A lower ratio (<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/cholesterol-ratio-calculator#how-to-calculate">ideal is less than 2.0</a>) is associated with a lower risk of heart disease.</p> <p>While there is lesser focus on LDL/HDL, these ratios have been shown to be predictors of occurrence and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35843962/">severity of heart attacks</a> in patients presenting with chest pain.</p> <p>If you’re worried about your cholesterol levels or cardiovascular disease risk factors and are aged 45 and over (or over 30 for First Nations people), consider seeing your GP for a Medicare-rebated <a href="https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/your-heart/heart-health-checks">Heart Health Check</a>.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/253126/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/clare-collins-7316">Clare Collins</a>, Laureate Professor in Nutrition and Dietetics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/erin-clarke-1314081">Erin Clarke</a>, Postdoctoral Researcher, Nutrition and Dietetics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-newcastle-1060">University of Newcastle</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-a-blood-cholesterol-ratio-and-what-should-yours-be-253126">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Everlabs</em></p> </div>

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What is grounding and can it improve your sleep?

<div class="theconversation-article-body">Have you ever felt an unexpected sense of calm while walking barefoot on grass? Or noticed your stress begin to fade as you stood ankle deep in the ocean? If so, you may have unknowingly “grounded” yourself to the earth.</p> <p>Grounding, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417022001573">also known as earthing</a>, is the practice of making direct physical contact with the Earth’s surface. Our ancestors embraced this trend without knowing it. But with the invention of indoor homes, footpaths, roads, and even shoes, we have become <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2012/291541">less physically connected with the earth</a>.</p> <p>Grounding has been suggested to have <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/grounding">a number of benefits</a>, such as improving mood, and reducing stress and pain. But overall, there’s limited conclusive evidence on the benefits of grounding.</p> <p>Somewhat ironically, the concept of grounding in 2025 is heavily influenced by technology, rather than getting out into nature. Consumers are being hit with social media reels promoting a range of technologies that ground us, and improve our health.</p> <p>Among the most common are promises of improved sleep with the use of a grounding sheet or mat. But is this just another TikTok trend, or could these products really help us get a better night’s sleep?</p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DHne7CasELA/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DHne7CasELA/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Grounding (@groundingofficial)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <h2>Bringing the outdoors in</h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417022001585">human body is conductive</a>, which means it can exchange electricity with Earth and artificial sources, such as electronic devices or objects. (Sometimes, this exchange can result in an electric or <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-do-i-get-static-shocks-from-everyday-objects-is-it-my-shoes-240554">static shock</a>.)</p> <p>Proponents of grounding <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550830719305476">claim the practice reconnects</a> “the conductive human body to the Earth’s natural and subtle surface electric charge”.</p> <p>They credit this process with physiological and psychological benefits (but again, the evidence is limited).</p> <p>Grounding technologies can vary in type (for example, under-desk foot mats, mattress toppers and bed sheets) but all are designed to provide a path for electric charges to flow between your body and the earth.</p> <p>The bottom prong you see in your three-prong wall socket is a “ground” or “earth” terminal. It provides a direct connection to earth via your building’s wiring, diverting excess or unsafe voltage into the ground. This protects you and your devices from potential <a href="https://store.standards.org.au/reader/as-nzs-3112-2017?preview=1&amp;utm">electrical faults</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/1/57">Grounding technology</a> uses this terminal as a pathway for the proposed electrical exchange between you and earth, while in the comfort of your home.</p> <h2>Could grounding improve your sleep?</h2> <p>The research in this area is still emerging.</p> <p>A <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212958825000059">2025 study</a> from Korea recruited 60 participants, gave half of them a grounding mat, and gave the other half a visually identical mat that didn’t have grounding technology. The researchers used a “double-blind” protocol, meaning neither the participants nor the researchers knew which participants were given grounding mats.</p> <p>All participants wore sleep trackers and were asked to use their mat (that is, sit or lie on it) for six hours per day. The researchers found that after 31 days, participants in the grounding mat group slept longer on average (as measured by their sleep trackers) than those in the control group.</p> <p>The researchers also used questionnaires to collect measures of insomnia, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and stress. After 31 days, participants in both groups improved on all measures.</p> <p>There were no differences between the grounded and ungrounded groups for sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and stress. And while grounded participants showed significantly lower insomnia severity after the intervention, this difference was also present at the start of the study. So it’s unclear if grounding had a tangible impact on sleep.</p> <p>In another double-blind study, published in 2022, researchers in Taiwan examined the effectiveness of using grounding mats to improve sleep among patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The findings indicated that spending <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/10/3/581">30 minutes on a grounding mat</a> five times per week resulted in improved sleep quality.</p> <p>While previous research has suggested using grounding technologies may lead to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25748085/">improvements in mood</a>, no differences were seen in measures of anxiety and depression in this study.</p> <h2>Grounding for gains?</h2> <p>Grounding technology has also been touted as <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@down_to_ground/video/7310937768811597074?q=grounding%20mattress&amp;t=1742787657768">having other benefits</a>, such as reducing pain and inflammation.</p> <p>A <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00035">2019 study</a> found participants who slept on a grounding mat after intense exercise felt less sore and showed lower levels of inflammation in their blood compared to those who were ungrounded.</p> <p>Grounding after a workout may help you feel better and recover faster, but it’s still unclear whether and how grounding affects long-term training results or fitness gains.</p> <h2>Add to cart?</h2> <p>So should you cash in on your favourite influencer’s discount code and grab a grounding mat? At the risk of spouting a common cliche of cautious scientists, our answer is that we don’t know yet.</p> <p>What we do know is the existing research, albeit emerging, has shown no evidence grounding technology can negatively affect your sleep or recovery after exercise. So if you love your grounding mat or grounding sheet, or want to see if grounding works for you, feel free to give it a go.</p> <p>Keep in mind, grounding products can retail for anywhere from around A$30 to $300 or more.</p> <p>On the other hand, grounding on the grass in the great outdoors is free. While there’s limited evidence that grounding outdoors can improve sleep, spending time in outdoor light may itself benefit <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34488088/">sleep, regulate circadian rhythms</a>, and improve mood.</p> <p>Finally, while grounding could be an interesting strategy to try, if you’re experiencing ongoing problems with your sleep, or suspect you may have a sleep disorder, the first step should be reaching out to a medical professional, such as your GP.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/253347/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/dean-j-miller-808724">Dean J. Miller</a>, Senior Lecturer, Appleton Institute, HealthWise Research Group, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/cquniversity-australia-2140">CQUniversity Australia</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charlotte-gupta-347235">Charlotte Gupta</a>, Senior Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Appleton Institute, HealthWise Research Group, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/cquniversity-australia-2140">CQUniversity Australia</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-grounding-and-could-it-improve-my-sleep-heres-the-science-behind-this-tiktok-trend-253347">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p> </div>

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"Two of our finest men lost to the sport we love": Tragedy strikes at BSB

<p>A devastating multi-bike crash during the opening lap of the British Supersport Championship race at Oulton Park has claimed the lives of two riders and left several others injured, casting a dark shadow over the start of the 2025 racing season.</p> <p>The incident, described as a "catastrophic" chain-reaction crash involving 11 motorcycles, occurred at the exit of the first turn during Monday’s season-opening feature race. The race, which was being broadcast live on television and served as a support event for the top-tier Superbike Championship, was immediately red-flagged and later abandoned.</p> <p>British rider Owen Jenner, 21, and Shane Richardson, a 29-year-old father of two from New Zealand, were both tragically killed in the collision. Organisers confirmed Jenner succumbed to a catastrophic head injury despite emergency treatment at the track and further resuscitation at the circuit medical centre. Richardson was initially stabilised at the scene but passed away en route to Royal Stoke University Hospital from severe chest trauma.</p> <p>The crash also left veteran racer Tom Tunstall, 47, hospitalised with serious back and abdominal injuries. He remains under medical care.</p> <p>Several other riders suffered injuries in the incident, with Carl Harris, Max Morgan, Cameron Hall, Freddie Barnes, and Morgan McLaren-Wood sustaining minor harm. Lewis Jones, Corey Tinker and George Edwards escaped without injury.</p> <p>In an official statement, the Motorcycle Circuit Racing Control Board (MCRCB) and MotorSport Vision Racing (MSVR) confirmed that an investigation into the full circumstances of the accident is underway in collaboration with the Coroner and Cheshire Constabulary.</p> <p>Richardson, who proudly raced with the New Zealand flag on his No. 28 Suzuki and finished ninth in last year’s championship, had just placed 11th in Sunday’s opening race. His passing marks another tragic blow to New Zealand motorsport, following the death of fellow Kiwi Damon Rees two years ago.</p> <p>Australian reigning Supersport champion Ben Currie, who narrowly avoided the crash, expressed his heartbreak: “Hard to put into words what happened today. Gutted for everyone involved. Two of our finest men lost to the sport we love. Thoughts are with all that are involved. RIP boys.”</p> <p>Fellow rider Freddie Barnes, writing from hospital, echoed the grief of the paddock: “My condolences go out to Owen and Shane’s family and friends. I’m absolutely devastated… ride on in paradise boys.”</p> <p>The emotional toll of the incident was evident as tributes poured in across the motorsport community.</p> <p>Racer TJ Toms wrote: “Two lads I feel absolutely privileged to call mates… My heart, love and thoughts go out to OJ’s family and to Hanna and Shane’s little family. Thank you for all our memories boys.”</p> <p>Joe Sheldon-Shaw added: “Had some great races with both these lads, and a lot of laughs off the track with OJ. Heartbreaking day today… The paddock won’t be the same without them.”</p> <p>Despite the tragedy, the Supersport Championship is set to resume in two weeks at Donington Park. As the racing world mourns, it does so with heavy hearts, united in grief and remembrance of two riders lost far too soon.</p> <p><em>Images: Facebook</em></p>

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Can drinking champagne reduce your risk of sudden cardiac arrest?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>“My only regret in life is that I didn’t drink enough champagne,” the English economist and philosopher John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) is reported to have said. As it turns out, there may be a surprising ounce of truth to that quote.</p> <p>Picture this: a glass of champagne – bubbly, crisp and, for many, reserved for toasts and celebrations. Now imagine it being mentioned in the same sentence as a way to help prevent <a href="https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/cardiac-arrest">sudden cardiac arrest</a>: a condition where the heart abruptly stops beating, killing tens of thousands each year, often without warning. Sounds too good to be true, right?</p> <p>Yet, <a href="https://onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(25)00171-0/fulltext">a Canadian study</a> has uncovered a curious link. Using data from over half a million people in the health research database the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/">UK Biobank</a>, researchers found that those who consumed moderate amounts of white wine or champagne had a lower risk of experiencing sudden cardiac arrest. Surprising, especially given the widely held belief <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/46/2/173/7920813?login=false#google_vignette">that red wine</a>, not white, is what benefits the heart.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9JvI392Iep8?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>To rule out coincidence, the researchers double-checked their findings using genetic data – and the connection seemed to hold firm. This suggests there might be more to the story than chance alone.</p> <p>The study didn’t stop at wine. It explored more than 100 lifestyle and environmental factors tied to sudden cardiac arrest, including diet, exercise, air pollution, emotional wellbeing, body composition and education levels – all of which have been independently associated with risk. The conclusion? Up to 63% of sudden cardiac arrest cases could potentially be prevented by addressing these risk factors.</p> <p>Among all the protective factors identified, a few stood out: fruit consumption, regular computer use (yes, really) and moderate drinking of white wine or champagne were all linked to a reduced risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Why? That remains uncertain.</p> <p>One theory is that white wine contains antioxidants that may support heart health. Another possibility is that people who drink these types of beverages may also be more affluent and more likely to engage in other healthy behaviour, such as eating well, exercising regularly – and have access to better healthcare.</p> <p>But before you pop a cork in celebration, a word of caution: alcohol remains a complex and often contradictory player in heart health. Other large-scale studies suggest a <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.j909">U-shaped relationship</a> between alcohol and cardiovascular disease. Non-drinkers may have a certain level of risk, moderate drinkers of one glass of wine a day <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7020057/">may see</a> some benefit, but heavy drinking sharply increases the risk of high blood pressure, stroke and heart failure.</p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.10.022">One observational study</a> involving over 400,000 participants even found that moderate drinking could raise the risk of <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arrhythmia/">arrhythmias</a>, which in some cases can lead to sudden death.</p> <p>So while champagne may offer a hopeful glimmer, it’s no magic bullet. The study’s broader message was clear: it’s the overall lifestyle that matters most. Better sleep, regular physical activity and <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-heart-patients-have-trouble-sticking-to-a-healthy-diet-and-3-things-that-help-them-eat-better-239172">a balanced diet</a> significantly reduced the risk of sudden cardiac arrest – and could prevent nearly one in five cases.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jdgYN1QgKng?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>On the flip side, obesity, high blood pressure and chronic stress were among the strongest risk factors, along with lower education levels and exposure to air pollution. These findings underscore that preventing sudden cardiac arrest isn’t just about personal habits: it’s also about the environments we live in and the policies that shape them. Cleaner air, better education and easier access to nutritious food could all play a role.</p> <p>Sudden cardiac arrest is not entirely random. Many of the contributing factors are within our control. Managing stress, staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, getting quality sleep – and yes, perhaps enjoying the occasional glass of white wine – can all help. But the real power lies in stacking small, healthy choices over time. Prevention is rarely about a single change; it’s about the cumulative effect of many.</p> <p>And in case you were wondering: Keynes suffered a series of heart attacks in 1946, beginning during negotiations for the <a href="https://history.blog.gov.uk/2020/12/07/whats-the-context-signing-the-anglo-american-financial-agreement-6-december-1945/">Anglo-American loan</a> in Savannah, Georgia. He described the process as “absolute hell”. A few weeks after returning to his farmhouse in Firle, East Sussex, he died of a heart attack at the age of 62.</p> <p>Maybe he was right about drinking more champagne after all.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/255708/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-c-gaze-312661">David C. Gaze</a>, Senior Lecturer in Chemical Pathology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-westminster-916">University of Westminster</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/can-drinking-champagne-reduce-your-risk-of-sudden-cardiac-arrest-heres-why-its-only-a-small-part-of-the-story-255708">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p> </div>

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Missing mum of two found after 60 years

<p>In a stunning breakthrough to one of America's longest-running cold cases, a woman who disappeared more than 60 years ago has been found alive and well – living in another state and expressing “no regrets” for leaving her past behind.</p> <p>Audrey Backeberg was just 20 years old when she vanished on July 7, 1962, from her home in Reedsburg, Wisconsin, where she lived with her husband, Ronald Backeberg, and their two young children. Her sudden disappearance launched a decades-long search that ultimately went cold – until now.</p> <p>In a press release issued Thursday, the Sauk County Sheriff’s Office confirmed that Ms Backeberg had been located alive following a renewed investigation into her case earlier this year.</p> <p>“Through diligent investigative work, which included a thorough re-evaluation of all case files and evidence, combined with reinterviewing witnesses and uncovering new insights, the Sheriff’s Office is now able to report that Audrey Backeberg is alive and well,” the department announced.</p> <p>The cold case was reassigned in March to Detective Isaac Hanson, who led the breakthrough investigation. His review included interviews with old witnesses, analysis of historical evidence, and a key lead involving a relative’s Ancestry.com profile.</p> <p>“That was pretty key,” Hanson told WISN, describing how the online genealogy database helped him trace public records that eventually led to a current address. Once the address was identified, Hanson contacted the local sheriff’s department in the area. “Ten minutes later, she called me,” he said.</p> <p>In a 45-minute phone conversation with Detective Hanson, Ms Backeberg confirmed her identity and shared that she left her family to escape what she described as an abusive and dangerous home environment.</p> <p>“She sounded happy. Confident in her decision. No regrets,” Hanson said.</p> <p>Just days before her disappearance in 1962, Ms Backeberg had filed a criminal complaint alleging that her husband had beaten her severely and threatened her life. Despite this, the couple remained in the home together, with their children.</p> <p>On the day she vanished, Audrey reportedly left to collect a paycheck from her job at a woollen mill – but never returned. Rumours and conflicting accounts emerged over the years, including claims from a 14-year-old babysitter who said she saw Ms Backeberg hitchhike to Madison and take a bus to Indiana. Later, the same individual, when re-interviewed as an adult, claimed Audrey may have ingested pills before departing and might have connected with local construction workers.</p> <p>For decades, her family believed Audrey would never willingly abandon her children. Her husband reportedly spent years chasing leads, but no trace of her was ever found – until now.</p> <p>While authorities have not disclosed the state where Ms Backeberg currently resides, Detective Hanson said she had been living safely and independently all these years.</p> <p>“She just moved on from things and led her life,” he said.</p> <p>Authorities have closed the case with the confirmation that Audrey Backeberg left of her own volition and was not in danger at any point during the six decades she was missing.</p> <p><em>Images: Wisconsin Police</em></p>

Family & Pets

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Grandmother arrested after two boys found dead

<p>A regional New South Wales community is in mourning after the bodies of two young boys, aged six and seven, were discovered in a home in Coonabarabran on Monday afternoon.</p> <p>Police were called to the property at around 2:00pm following reports of welfare concerns. Upon arrival, officers from the Orana Mid-Western Police District found the children deceased inside the home.</p> <p>A 66-year-old woman, who is known to the children, was arrested at the scene and taken to hospital for assessment. She remains there under police guard.</p> <p>Authorities have confirmed they are not seeking anyone else in connection with the incident and say there is no ongoing threat to the public.</p> <p>A crime scene has been established at the residence, and an investigation is underway. Detectives from the State Crime Command’s Homicide Squad are assisting local police as part of Strike Force Darnum, which has been formed to probe the circumstances surrounding the deaths.</p> <p>Earlier police reports indicated the children were aged eight and 10, but they later confirmed the correct ages as six and seven.</p> <p>The deaths have sent shockwaves through the Coonabarabran community and beyond. NSW Premier Chris Minns expressed his condolences, describing the situation as "heartbreaking".</p> <p>“What has occurred is terrible and, as a state, we share in the community of Coonabarabran’s grief at the loss of two young boys who had their entire futures ahead of them,” Minns said in a statement.</p> <p>“I cannot begin to imagine the heartbreak their loved ones are currently feeling, including their family, friends, and teachers. I thank the local officers who attended the scene for their professionalism and bravery in the face of such a horrible event.”</p> <p>The investigation continues, with police urging the public to allow space for the family and the community to grieve.</p> <p><em>Images: 9News</em></p>

Legal

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Major breakthrough over mother of three missing for two months

<p>Authorities have located a ute believed to belong to Tayla Spies, a Queensland mother of three who vanished more than two months ago.</p> <p>Spies, 29, was last seen on CCTV footage at a service station in Condamine on Sunday, February 2. She had spent the weekend with her partner in Dalby but failed to return home to Roma. Since her disappearance, she has not contacted any family or friends, heightening concerns for her safety.</p> <p>Police confirmed on Frida morning that they discovered Spies’ white Toyota Hilux in Noorindoo, approximately 40km north-east of Surat. Officers were alerted to the vehicle’s presence on a property along Yuleba-Sarat Road at about 3pm. A search of the vehicle revealed some of Spies’ belongings inside, though authorities have not disclosed specific details about the items found.</p> <p>Before its recovery, the ute was last seen on CCTV traveling down Surat’s main street at 11:10am on the day she went missing. This sighting remains a crucial piece of evidence in the ongoing investigation. Authorities have since resumed extensive searches in the area in hopes of finding further clues about her whereabouts.</p> <p>Spies is described as Caucasian, approximately 170cm tall, with a slim build, brown shoulder-length hair, and blue eyes. She has the word "KARMA" tattooed across her chest. Her family and friends continue to plead for any information that might help locate her.</p> <p>Police and local search teams have been scouring the surrounding area, using drones, tracking dogs, and ground search crews to cover as much terrain as possible. Despite these efforts, there have been no confirmed sightings of Spies since she was last seen on CCTV in Condamine.</p> <p>Authorities urge anyone with information regarding her disappearance to come forward. Whether it be a small detail or a major lead, investigators are keen to speak with anyone who may have seen Spies or her vehicle. Those with information are encouraged to contact Crime Stoppers or their nearest police station immediately.</p> <p><em>Images: Queensland Police</em></p>

Legal

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Refinancing your home later in life – what you need to know

<p>There are many reasons why you may look to refinance your home. The obvious one is to lower mortgage repayments with a better rate. However, other reasons people refinance later in life include:</p> <ul> <li>unlocking equity to invest</li> <li>paying down other debts</li> <li>buying a holiday home</li> <li>funding extended travel</li> <li>launching a new business</li> <li>supporting children with a property deposit</li> </ul> <p>Regardless of why you want to refinance, the points below will help you navigate your options.</p> <p><strong>Changing lenders</strong></p> <p>It may have been a while since you last revisited your mortgage, meaning you may not be aware of current lending options and traps.</p> <p>A common trick lenders use is the so-called “headline rate” to grab your attention. However, this interest rate is typically not what you end up paying. It may only be an introductory rate for the first few months, or hefty fees attached may wipe out any savings.</p> <p>Banks aren’t the only ones offering loans nowadays. Registered non-bank lenders, fintechs and online lenders can refinance your mortgage and provide other credit services the same as any bank; they just don’t take cash deposits. Alternatively, you could explore credit unions and mutual societies.</p> <p>Also consider any shareholder benefits you may have. Most banks have done away with them now but may still honour pre-existing ones. If you change lenders, you could lose this entitlement – permanently.</p> <p><strong>Reverse mortgages</strong></p> <p>Generally, only available to people aged 60-plus, a reverse mortgage effectively allows you to unlock equity in your home without you needing to make immediate repayments.</p> <p>However, they often have strict conditions including:</p> <ul> <li>minimum borrowing amounts</li> <li>maximum borrowing ratios</li> <li>higher interest rates than standard mortgages</li> </ul> <p>Crucially, the interest accrues over time and is repaid when you sell, move or pass away. As such, your debt liability grows over time – potentially impacting your future living arrangements and how much is left for beneficiaries in your will.  The Govt has the “loan equity scheme” as another option to lenders.  I just want to highlight the need to be careful with reverse mortgages.</p> <p><strong>Changing homes</strong></p> <p>Rather than selling, downsizing could involve making an investment property your primary residence and then renting out your existing home.</p> <p>This approach may require you to refinance both loans simultaneously. There will also be tax considerations to work through – including Capital Gains Tax liabilities when you do sell, negative gearing, depreciation, and changes to your income tax.</p> <p>Then there are the lifestyle factors to weigh up, especially if you are moving to a different area:</p> <ul> <li>living expenses</li> <li>insurance and travel costs</li> <li>access to healthcare</li> <li>rental income</li> <li>property management expenses</li> </ul> <p>Remember that if you have a Self Managed Super Fund (SMSF), it CANNOT own any property that you directly use yourself, including your home.</p> <p><strong>Becoming Bank of Mum and Dad</strong></p> <p>Refinancing can unlock equity to support adult children with their first property deposit. However, it isn’t without its risks.</p> <p>Ask yourself honestly:</p> <ul> <li>Will this be a gift or loan?</li> <li>If a loan, under what terms? Will interest be applied? How and when will repayments be made? What if they default?</li> <li>What happens if their relationship breaks down, will you get your money back?</li> <li>How does going without that money affect your retirement?</li> <li>Do you have alternative assets to support you if your circumstances change?</li> <li>How does this affect inheritances or deposit contributions to your other children?</li> <li>Can you assist them another way without using your home equity?</li> </ul> <p>Draw up a written agreement outlining all conditions and scenarios to avoid disagreements in the future.</p> <p><strong>Pension impacts</strong></p> <p>Don’t overlook how refinancing your home could impact your pension. While your home is exempt from the means test, any income or assets you generate from unlocking equity is not.</p> <p>You could inadvertently see your pension amount reduced or your eligibility voided altogether. This would come as a nasty shock if you haven’t pre-budgeted for such a change!</p> <p><strong>Getting advice</strong></p> <p>To ensure you get the best bang for your buck when refinancing, be sure to enlist the help of a good:</p> <ul> <li>mortgage broker to source the best loans for your circumstances</li> <li>insurance broker to ensure your cover is right sized for your needs, risk and budget</li> <li>accountant to work through any tax implications</li> <li>estate planner to manage any changes</li> <li>financial adviser to keep your investments and financial strategy working for you</li> </ul> <p>Ultimately, decisions – including about refinancing – are only as good the information you have at hand. So, make sure you have all the relevant facts before signing on the dotted line.</p> <p><em><span style="line-height: 18.4px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: #242424;">Helen Baker is a licensed Australian financial adviser and author of the new book, Money For Life: How to build financial security from firm foundations (Major Street Publishing $32.99). Helen is among the 1% of financial planners who hold a master’s degree in the field. Proceeds from book sales are donated to charities supporting disadvantaged women and children. Find out more at </span><a style="color: #467886;" title="http://www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au/" href="http://www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au/"><span style="line-height: 18.4px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au</span></a></em></p> <p><em><span style="line-height: 18.4px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: #242424;">Disclaimer: The information in this article is of a general nature only and does not constitute personal financial or product advice. Any opinions or views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent those of people, institutions or organisations the owner may be associated with in a professional or personal capacity unless explicitly stated. Helen Baker is an authorised representative of BPW Partners Pty Ltd AFSL 548754.</span></em></p>

Money & Banking

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Woman cops $806 fine for camping in her own driveway

<p>Here's one that will have legal scholars scratching their heads and homeowners clutching their deeds: Gold Coast resident Belinda Hunt has been fined $806 for the heinous crime of catching some shut-eye in her own driveway.</p> <p>Yep, that's right. Sleeping. In a van. On her own land.</p> <p>Belinda, a forward-thinking Aussie simply trying to save some cash while waiting for her new home to be built, found herself on the wrong side of the law when police and a council ranger came knocking on her van door at 1:30am. Their concern? That she was a homeless person illegally camping on public property.</p> <p>Never mind the minor detail that her driveway is, in fact, private property.</p> <p>"I pointed out the address on my driver's licence is the same as my property and also told them to check my registration details... they could clearly see that I owned the property," Belinda recounted to her (for now) 8,904 followers, presumably while resisting the urge to hand them a map and a magnifying glass.</p> <p>The authorities, unfazed by logic, proceeded to issue her a fine for "unlawful camping in a public place", despite the glaringly obvious fact that she was neither in a public place nor engaging in anything particularly unlawful. Unless, of course, getting a good night’s rest is now considered an offence in Queensland.</p> <p>Adding insult to injury, Belinda was reportedly advised to "present to the Department of Housing"– a stunning suggestion, considering she was already standing on the land where her future house would soon exist.</p> <p>"They spoke to me as if I was a criminal and doing something wrong. He [the police officer] said that it is illegal to reside in a vehicle on the Gold Coast," she said, undoubtedly wondering if the same law applied to cars parked at McDonald's drive-throughs at 2am.</p> <p>Belinda, understandably rattled by the experience, plans to fight the fine. But in the meantime, her case raises some troubling questions: Is it now illegal to camp in one’s own driveway? Should homeowners fear being charged with "loitering" in their backyards? And, most importantly, does the Gold Coast Council intend to start issuing fines for illegal napping?</p> <p>Authorities claim such regulations are necessary to kerb an increase in illegal camping, particularly in tourist-heavy areas. But as Belinda’s case proves, there’s a fine line between cracking down on rogue campers and charging hardworking Aussies for existing on their own land.</p> <p>For now, residents of the Gold Coast are advised to sleep with one eye open – preferably inside a house, lest they fall victim to the long arm of the camping law.</p> <p><em>Images: TikTok</em></p>

Legal

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Grandparents arrested two years after toddler's disappearance

<p>In a dramatic development nearly two years after the disappearance of two-year-old Émile Soleil, French prosecutors have arrested the child's grandparents on suspicion of murder.</p> <p>Émile vanished in July 2023 from the garden of his grandparents' home in Le Haut-Vernet, a small hamlet in the French Alps. His remains were discovered nine months later by a hiker near the village.</p> <p>According to a statement from the Aix-en-Provence public prosecutor, Émile's grandfather, Philippe Vedovini, and his wife, whose name was not disclosed, were taken into custody in La Bouilladisse. They face charges of "voluntary homicide" and "concealing a corpse". Two of their adult children have also been detained as part of the investigation.</p> <p>The disappearance of Émile captivated the nation, as extensive searches and rescue operations yielded no trace of the toddler. His parents, who were not present at the time, had publicly expressed hope for a miracle even months after he went missing. The case drew significant media attention, particularly focusing on Émile's grandfather. Reports from CNN affiliate BFMTV revealed that Vedovini had been questioned by police in the 1990s over allegations of violence and sexual assault at a private school, though investigators had previously not established a direct link between him and Émile's death.</p> <p>Earlier this month, forensic teams returned to Le Vernet, conducting thorough searches in multiple locations. The prosecutor confirmed that investigative operations remain active, with further developments anticipated as authorities continue their probe into the tragic case.</p> <p>As the investigation unfolds, the arrests mark a major breakthrough in one of France's most unsettling child disappearance cases, shedding new light on what may have led to Émile's untimely death.</p> <p><em>Images: Gendarmerie Nationale</em></p>

Caring

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How long will you live? New evidence says it’s much more about your choices than your genes

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>One of the most enduring questions humans have is how long we’re going to live. With this comes the question of how much of our lifespan is shaped by our environment and choices, and how much is predetermined by our genes.</p> <p>A study recently published in the prestigious journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03483-9">Nature Medicine</a> has attempted for the first time to quantify the relative contributions of our environment and lifestyle versus our genetics in how we age and how long we live.</p> <p>The findings were striking, suggesting our environment and lifestyle play a much greater role than our genes in determining our longevity.</p> <h2>What the researchers did</h2> <p>This study used data from the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/">UK Biobank</a>, a large database in the United Kingdom that contains in-depth health and lifestyle data from roughly 500,000 people. The data available include genetic information, medical records, imaging and information about lifestyle.</p> <p>A separate part of the study used data from a subset of more than 45,000 participants whose blood samples underwent something called “<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-022-00511-7">proteomic profiling</a>”.</p> <p>Proteomic profiling is a relatively new technique that looks at how proteins in the body change over time to identify a person’s age at a molecular level. By using this method researchers were able to estimate how quickly an individual’s body was actually ageing. This is called their biological age, as opposed to their chronological age (or years lived).</p> <p>The researchers assessed 164 environmental exposures as well as participants’ genetic markers for disease. Environmental exposures included lifestyle choices (for example, smoking, physical activity), social factors (for example, living conditions, household income, employment status) and early life factors, such as body weight in childhood.</p> <p>They then looked for associations between genetics and environment and 22 major age-related diseases (such as coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes), mortality and biological ageing (as determined by the proteomic profiling).</p> <p>These analyses allowed the researchers to estimate the relative contributions of environmental factors and genetics to ageing and dying prematurely.</p> <h2>What did they find?</h2> <p>When it came to disease-related mortality, as we would expect, age and sex explained a significant amount (about half) of the variation in how long people lived. The key finding, however, was environmental factors collectively accounted for around 17% of the variation in lifespan, while genetic factors contributed less than 2%.</p> <p>This finding comes down very clearly on the nurture side in the “nature versus nurture” debate. It suggests environmental factors influence health and longevity to a far greater extent than genetics.</p> <p>Not unexpectedly, the study showed a different mix of environmental and genetic influences for different diseases. Environmental factors had the greatest impact on lung, heart and liver disease, while genetics played the biggest role in determining a person’s risk of breast, ovarian and prostate cancers, and dementia.</p> <p>The environmental factors that had the most influence on earlier death and biological ageing included smoking, socioeconomic status, physical activity levels and living conditions.</p> <p>Interestingly, being taller at age ten was found to be associated with a shorter lifespan. Although this may seem surprising, and the reasons are not entirely clear, this aligns with <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110756.htm">previous research</a> finding taller people are more likely to die earlier.</p> <p>Carrying more weight at age ten and maternal smoking (if your mother smoked in late pregnancy or when you were a newborn) were also found to shorten lifespan.</p> <p>Probably the most surprising finding in this study was a lack of association between diet and markers of biological ageing, as determined by the proteomic profiling. This flies in the face of the extensive body of evidence showing the crucial role of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-023-00868-w">dietary patterns</a> in chronic disease risk and longevity.</p> <p>But there are a number of plausible explanations for this. The first could be a lack of statistical power in the part of the study looking at biological ageing. That is, the number of people studied may have been too small to allow the researchers to see the true impact of diet on ageing.</p> <p>Second, the dietary data in this study, which was self-reported and only measured at one time point, is likely to have been of relatively poor quality, limiting the researchers’ ability to see associations. And third, as the relationship between diet and longevity is likely to be complex, disentangling dietary effects from other lifestyle factors may be difficult.</p> <p>So despite this finding, it’s still safe to say the food we eat is one of the most important pillars of health and longevity.</p> <h2>What other limitations do we need to consider?</h2> <p>Key exposures (such as diet) in this study were only measured at a single point in time, and not tracked over time, introducing potential errors into the results.</p> <p>Also, as this was an observational study, we can’t assume associations found represent causal relationships. For example, just because living with a partner correlated with a longer lifespan, it doesn’t mean this caused a person to live longer. There may be other factors which explain this association.</p> <p>Finally, it’s possible this study may have underestimated the role of genetics in longevity. It’s important to recognise genetics and environment don’t operate in isolation. Rather, health outcomes are shaped by their interplay, and this study may not have fully captured the complexity of these interactions.</p> <h2>The future is (largely) in your hands</h2> <p>It’s worth noting there were a number of factors such as household income, home ownership and employment status associated with diseases of ageing in this study that are not necessarily within a person’s control. This highlights the crucial role of addressing the social determinants of health to ensure everyone has the best possible chance of living a long and healthy life.</p> <p>At the same time, the results offer an empowering message that longevity is largely shaped by the choices we make. This is great news, unless you have good genes and were hoping they would do the heavy lifting.</p> <p>Ultimately, the results of this study reinforce the notion that while we may inherit certain genetic risks, how we eat, move and engage with the world seems to be more important in determining how healthy we are and how long we live.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/251054/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hassan-vally-202904"><em>Hassan Vally</em></a><em>, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-long-will-you-live-new-evidence-says-its-much-more-about-your-choices-than-your-genes-251054">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p> </div>

Caring

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Farewell, Your Majesty: Major change coming to Aussie fiver

<p>The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has announced a new theme for the Aussie fiver, designed to honour the “enduring emotional, spiritual and physical connection of First Nations peoples to Country”. </p> <p>“This inspiring theme will guide the creation of an artwork that will feature on the redesigned banknote,” said Michelle McPhee, RBA’s Assistant Governor of Business Services. The selection of this theme followed an extensive national campaign, receiving over 2,100 theme nominations from the public.</p> <p>For the first time since 1992, the $5 note will not feature the late Queen Elizabeth II, who had appeared on the denomination for more than 30 years. Breaking with tradition, the RBA confirmed that the redesigned note would not bear a portrait of any monarch, meaning King Charles will also be absent from the new design. However, the reverse side of the note will continue to depict the Australian Parliament building.</p> <p>Since the 1960s, the $5 banknote has undergone four major redesigns, with the most recent update in 2016. When Queen Elizabeth II’s portrait was first introduced in 1992, it replaced humanitarian Caroline Chisholm, a decision that was met with criticism at the time. The RBA defended its choice, citing Australia’s status as a constitutional monarchy and the tradition of including the reigning monarch on at least one banknote.</p> <p>The new banknote is expected to take several years to be designed, printed and circulated. The process of selecting an artist for the design is currently underway, with more details to be revealed in the coming months. The development of the note will also involve incorporating advanced security features to prevent counterfeiting.</p> <p>While the new design is in progress, the existing $5 note will continue to be issued. Meanwhile, Australian coins, which are produced by the Royal Australian Mint, will maintain the tradition of featuring the monarch.</p> <p><em>Images: RBA</em></p>

Money & Banking

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