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"You and I have some big news": Jonesy and Amanda's huge change after 20 years

<p>Brendan 'Jonesy' Jones and Amanda Keller have officially confirmed the news that had been swirling through media circles for weeks: they're leaving their long-held breakfast slot and moving to the drive shift on Gold 101.7.</p> <p>The beloved radio pair announced the change live on-air, revealing the move to their surprised listeners after details began leaking to trade outlets ahead of schedule.</p> <p>"You and I have some big news," Keller, 63, told Jones during their show. "We have re-signed here at Gold. Re-signed. But there are going to be some changes. Brendan and I are going to go to the drive shift."</p> <p>Jonesy, 57, added that the duo weren’t planning to announce the change just yet, but a podcast episode of "Game Changers", scheduled to drop this Saturday, and industry reports had forced their hand.</p> <p>"We weren't going to announce this for some time," Jonesy said. Keller chimed in: "We thought, 'Let’s own the news.'"</p> <p>Despite the surprise, the mood was upbeat. "We're thrilled," Keller said. Jonesy echoed the sentiment, saying the shift is about staying "authentic and real". Keller added, "We could have stayed doing the breakfast hours for longer. But as long as you guys come with us and listen to us in drive, all is right with the world."</p> <p>Their move clears the path for another strategic shift by the Australian Radio Network (ARN), with Melbourne’s The Christian O’Connell Show set to take over the Sydney breakfast slot from 2026.</p> <p>O'Connell’s program is currently second in the Melbourne FM radio ratings, behind Jase and Lauren on Nova. ARN is banking on the UK import’s show performing better in Sydney than the Kyle & Jackie O simulcast has performed in Melbourne.</p> <p>Jonesy and Amanda have hosted breakfast together for more than 20 years, earning a devoted fan base and consistent ratings success. In the latest FM ratings, they held the number two spot in Sydney behind Kyle & Jackie O.</p> <p>On social media, celebrity friends and fans flooded the pair with congratulations.</p> <p>"Congratulations on 20 years of morning breakfast and I'm sure your loyal followers will listen to you guys on the Drive shift. You won't know yourselves having a sleep in," wrote <em>Big Brother</em> star Reggie Bird.</p> <p>ABC’s Leigh Sales posted: "Yay!!!! Youse are awesome any time, anywhere xx."</p> <p>TV host Ash London added: "You two are the absolute best. Here's to many more years!!!!"</p> <p>Media identity Melissa Hoyer said the move was well earned: “Huge congratulations JAM!!!!! What an extraordinary innings for two of the best! Salut.”</p> <p>The shift is set to take effect in 2026, marking the end of an era – and the start of a new one – for one of Australia's most iconic radio duos.</p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

Music

Father Chris Riley OAM passes away

<p>Father Chris Riley, the passionate Roman Catholic priest who devoted his life to helping Australia’s most vulnerable young people, has died at the age of 70 after a long battle with illness.</p> <p>Best known as the founder of <a href="https://youthoffthestreets.com.au/contact-us/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Youth off the Streets</a>, Father Riley’s tireless work gave hope and opportunity to thousands of disadvantaged youth across the country. What began as a small outreach in Sydney’s Kings Cross in 1991 grew into a national network supporting young people facing homelessness, trauma and hardship.</p> <p>Born in Victoria, Riley moved to Sydney to follow his calling with the Salesian order. Over the decades, his mission evolved into one of Australia’s most respected youth support organisations. He led the charity as CEO until 2020.</p> <p>For his outstanding service, Riley was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 2006 and received the Human Rights Medal from the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. He was also honoured with an honorary doctorate from Western Sydney University and was nominated for NSW Australian of the Year in 2012.</p> <p>Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 2019, Riley’s health declined in recent years, eventually moving into respite care on medical advice.</p> <p>In a heartfelt statement today, Youth off the Streets CEO Judy Barraclough said, “Father Riley's dedication to supporting and empowering young Australians in need has left a powerful legacy. His vision, drive and determination will continue to inspire our organisation.”</p> <p>Chairperson Anne Fitzgerald said Riley’s legacy would be felt for generations.</p> <p>“He was a tireless advocate for homeless and disadvantaged youth,” she said. “Father Riley will be remembered for his compassion, tenacity and unwavering belief that every young person deserves the chance to reach their full potential.”</p> <p>Father Riley’s passing marks the end of an era for youth advocacy in Australia, but his life’s work continues in the thousands of lives he helped transform.</p> <p><em>Images: Youth off the Streets</em></p>

Caring

Conwoman Melissa Caddick's husband charged with assault on 73-year-old woman

<p>The partner of missing conwoman Melissa Caddick has been charged with assaulting a 73-year-old woman in a public park not far from where Caddick vanished nearly four years ago.</p> <p>Anthony Koletti, 43, was charged with common assault following an incident at Lighthouse Reserve in Vaucluse, NSW, at about 5pm on Wednesday, July 23.</p> <p>According to police, Koletti allegedly “barged” past the elderly woman during an encounter with two people he did not know while walking in the park. He reportedly passed the couple a second time on his return walk, during which one of them allegedly took a photo of him and provided it to police.</p> <p>The woman did not require medical treatment.</p> <p>On Tuesday, police released a public appeal for information, including an image of a man wearing a black Under Armour T-shirt, a black cap and sunglasses.</p> <p>Following the appeal, Koletti attended Waverley Police Station at around 6.30pm on Wednesday and was formally charged. He was granted conditional bail and is scheduled to appear at the Downing Centre Local Court on September 5.</p> <p>Koletti has remained in the public eye since the mysterious disappearance of his wife, Melissa Caddick, who went missing in November 2020 just hours after her home in Dover Heights was raided by ASIC and the AFP. Authorities allege she stole between $20 million and $30 million from clients through a Ponzi scheme.</p> <p>Three months later, Caddick’s decomposed foot was discovered inside a running shoe on Bournda Beach, around 400 kilometres south of Sydney. Her partial remains sparked widespread speculation that she may have faked her death.</p> <p>However, in a coronial inquest held last year, Deputy State Coroner Elizabeth Ryan concluded that Caddick was indeed dead, though the cause, manner and timing of her death could not be determined. The coroner also found it “most unlikely” that the foot was severed intentionally or as part of an attempt to flee.</p> <p>Koletti has never been charged with any crime in connection to Caddick’s disappearance or financial misconduct and is not accused of any wrongdoing related to her case.</p> <p><em>Images: LinkedIn / Facebook</em></p>

Legal

Could the copper in your diet help prevent memory loss?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>More and more research suggests that the copper in your diet could play a bigger role in brain health than we once believed. A <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-09280-9">recent study</a> found that older Americans who ate more copper-rich foods did better on memory and concentration tests.</p> <p>The findings, published in Nature Scientific Reports, looked at people’s diets using detailed food diaries and tested their cognitive function. Those who ate more foods that were high in copper – which include shellfish, dark chocolate and nuts – did better on tests that are used to spot early signs of age-related memory loss and dementia.</p> <p>But the results aren’t straightforward. People who ate more copper-rich foods were mostly male, white, married and had higher incomes. They were also less likely to smoke or have high blood pressure or diabetes – all factors linked to a lower risk of dementia. People who consumed more copper also had more zinc, iron and selenium in their diets, and consumed more calories overall.</p> <p>People with higher incomes often have better access to healthy food, medical care, cleaner environments and more education – all of which help protect against memory loss and dementia.</p> <p>It’s hard to separate the effects of diet from these other advantages, although <a href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2024/september/eef-hogervost-dementia-risk-prevention-treatments/">some research</a> we reviewed suggests that improving nutrition might be especially helpful for people from less privileged backgrounds.</p> <h2>What other research tells us</h2> <p>The current study’s limitations are notable. It captured brain function at only one point in time and relied on participants’ food diaries rather than blood measurements of copper levels.</p> <p>However, long-term studies support the idea that copper might matter for brain health. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36195639/">One study</a> that tracked people over time found that those who had less copper in their diet showed more pronounced declines in memory and thinking.</p> <p>More intriguingly, when researchers measured copper levels directly in brain tissue, they discovered that higher concentrations were associated with slower mental deterioration and fewer of the toxic amyloid plaques characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease.</p> <p>Curiously, brain copper levels bore little relationship to dietary intake, suggesting the body’s processing of this mineral is more complex than simple consumption patterns might indicate.</p> <p>There’s a good <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29472855/">biological explanation</a> for why copper might help protect the brain. This essential metal plays several important roles: it helps prevent brain cell damage via antioxidant effects, with production of the chemicals (neurotransmitters) that let brain cells talk to each other, and helps the brain produce energy, by working via particular enzymes.</p> <p>Copper deficiency is thought to be relatively uncommon, but it can cause noticeable problems. If someone feels tired and weak and has anaemia that doesn’t improve with iron or vitamin B12 supplements, low copper might be to blame. Other signs can include getting sick more often, losing bone strength, and nerve damage that gets worse over time.</p> <p>Copper is naturally found in <a href="https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/copper">high amounts</a> in foods like beef, offal, shellfish, nuts, seeds and mushrooms. It’s also added to some cereals and found in whole grains and dark chocolate.</p> <p>People who have had gastric bypass surgery for obesity or have bowel disorders may have trouble absorbing copper – and these conditions themselves could be linked to a higher risk of dementia.</p> <p>It’s best to be cautious about taking copper supplements without careful thought. They body needs a delicate balance of essential minerals – too much iron or zinc can lower copper levels, while too much copper or iron can cause oxidative stress, which may <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197458014003595#:%7E:text=Copper%20is%20an%20essential%20element,of%20Alzheimer's%20disease%20(AD).">speed up damage to brain cells</a>.</p> <p>Studies examining mineral supplements in people already diagnosed with Alzheimer’s have shown little benefit.</p> <p>Paradoxically, people with Alzheimer’s often have higher copper levels in their blood, but key brain areas like the hippocampus – which is vital for memory – often show lower copper levels. This suggests that Alzheimer’s disrupts how the body handles copper, causing it to get trapped in the <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/aging-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00446/full">amyloid plaques</a> that are a hallmark of the disease.</p> <p>Some <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21767446/">researchers suggested</a> that after Alzheimer’s develops, eating less copper and iron and more omega-3 fats from fish and nuts might help, while saturated fats seem to make things worse. However, a lack of copper could actually increase plaque build-up before dementia shows up, highlighting the need for balanced nutrition throughout life.</p> <p>There seems to be an optimal range of copper for brain function – recent studies suggest 1.22 to 1.65 milligrams a day provides copper’s cognitive benefits without causing harm. This mirrors a broader principle in medicine: for many biological systems, including <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18640783/">thyroid hormones</a>, both deficiency and excess can impair brain function.</p> <p>The human body typically manages these intricate chemical balances with remarkable precision. But disease and ageing can disrupt this equilibrium, potentially setting the stage for cognitive decline years before symptoms emerge. As researchers continue to unravel the relationship between nutrition and brain health, copper’s role serves as a reminder that the path to healthy ageing may be paved with the careful choices we make at every meal.</p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/eef-hogervorst-1283596">Eef Hogervorst</a>, Professor of Biological Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/loughborough-university-1336">Loughborough University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/could-the-copper-in-your-diet-help-prevent-memory-loss-as-new-study-suggests-261494">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / </em><em>cottonbro studio</em></p> </div>

Body

What makes us fall so hard for conspiracy theories?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Conspiracy theories are a widespread occurrence in today’s hyper connected and polarised world.</p> <p>Events such as <a href="https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/46479">Brexit</a>, the <a href="https://faculty.lsu.edu/fakenews/elections/sixteen.php">2016</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-do-millions-of-americans-believe-the-2020-presidential-election-was-stolen-from-donald-trump-224016">2020</a> United States presidential elections, and the <a href="https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2020/04/covid-top-10-current-conspiracy-theories/">COVID</a> pandemic serve as potent reminders of how easily these narratives can infiltrate public discourse.</p> <p>The consequences for society are significant, given a devotion to conspiracy theories can undermine key democratic norms and weaken citizens’ trust in critical institutions. As we know from the <a href="https://www.npr.org/2024/12/30/nx-s1-5230801/qanon-capitol-riot-social-media">January 6 riot</a> at the US Capitol, it can also motivate political violence.</p> <p>But who is most likely to believe these conspiracies?</p> <p>My new study with Daniel Stockemer of the University of Ottawa provides a clear and perhaps surprising answer. Published in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14679221">Political Psychology</a>, our research shows age is one of the most significant predictors of conspiracy beliefs, but not in the way many might assume.</p> <p>People under 35 are consistently more likely to endorse conspiratorial ideas.</p> <p>This conclusion is built on a solid foundation of evidence. First, we conducted a meta analysis, a “study of studies”, which synthesised the results of 191 peer-reviewed articles published between 2014 and 2024.</p> <p>This <a href="https://osf.io/je7wn/files/osfstorage">massive dataset</a>, which included over 374,000 participants, revealed a robust association between young age and belief in conspiracies.</p> <p>To confirm this, we ran our own <a href="https://osf.io/je7wn/files/osfstorage">original multinational survey</a> of more than 6,000 people across six diverse countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, the US and South Africa.</p> <p>The results were the same. In fact, age proved to be a more powerful predictor of conspiracy beliefs than any other demographic factor we measured, including a person’s gender, income, or level of education.</p> <h2>Why are young people more conspiratorial?</h2> <p>Having established conspiracy beliefs are more prevalent among younger people, we set out to understand why.</p> <p>Our project tested several potential factors and found three key reasons why younger generations are more susceptible to conspiracy theories.</p> <p><strong>1. Political alienation</strong></p> <p>One of the most powerful drivers we identified is a deep sense of political disaffection among young people.</p> <p>A majority of young people <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84463-8">feel alienated</a> from political systems run by politicians who are two or three generations older than them.</p> <p>This under representation can lead to frustration and the feeling democracy isn’t working for them. In this context, conspiracy theories provide a simple, compelling explanation for this disconnect: the system isn’t just failing, it’s being secretly controlled and manipulated by nefarious actors.</p> <p><strong>2. Activist style of participation</strong></p> <p>The way young people choose to take part in politics also plays a significant role.</p> <p>While they may be less likely to engage in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17457289.2012.728221">traditional practices</a> such as voting, they are often highly engaged in unconventional forms of participation, such as protests, boycotts and online campaigns.</p> <p>These activist environments, particularly online, can become fertile ground for conspiracy theories to germinate and spread. They often rely on similar “us versus them” narratives that pit a “righteous” in-group against a “corrupt” establishment.</p> <p><strong>3. Low self-esteem</strong></p> <p>Finally, our research confirmed a crucial psychological link to self-esteem.</p> <p>For individuals with lower perceptions of self worth, believing in a conspiracy theory – blaming external, hidden forces for their problems – can be a way of coping with feelings of powerlessness.</p> <p>This is particularly relevant for young people. Research has long shown self esteem tends to be <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423">lower in youth</a>, before <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000161">steadily increasing with age</a>.</p> <h2>What can be done?</h2> <p>Understanding these root causes is essential because it shows simply debunking false claims is not a sufficient solution.</p> <p>To truly address the rise of conspiracy theories and limit their consequences, we must tackle the underlying issues that make these narratives so appealing in the first place.</p> <p>Given the role played by political alienation, a critical step forward is to make our democracies more representative. This is best illustrated by the recent election of Labor Senator Charlotte Walker, who is barely 21.</p> <p>By actively working to increase the presence of young people in our political institutions, we can help give them faith that the system can work for them, reducing the appeal of theories which claim it is hopelessly corrupt.</p> <h2>More inclusive democracy</h2> <p>This does not mean discouraging the passion of youth activism. Rather, it is about empowering young people with the tools to navigate today’s complex information landscape.</p> <p>Promoting robust media and digital literacy education could help individuals critically evaluate the information they encounter in all circles, including online activist spaces.</p> <p>The link to self-esteem also points to a broader societal responsibility.</p> <p>By investing in the mental health and wellbeing of young people, we can help boost the psychological resilience and sense of agency that makes them less vulnerable to the simplistic blame games offered by conspiracy theories.</p> <p>Ultimately, building a society that is resistant to misinformation is not about finding fault with a particular generation.</p> <p>It is about creating a stronger, more inclusive democracy where all citizens, especially the young, feel represented, empowered, and secure.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/261074/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jean-nicolas-bordeleau-2377397">Jean-Nicolas Bordeleau</a>, Research Fellow, Jeff Bleich Centre for Democracy and Disruptive Technologies, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/flinders-university-972">Flinders University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/3-reasons-young-people-are-more-likely-to-believe-conspiracy-theories-and-how-we-can-help-them-discover-the-truth-261074">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / </em><em>Andrea Piacquadio</em><em style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;"> </em></p> </div>

Legal

Historic home on sale for first time in 135 years

<p>If you've ever dreamed of stepping into a time machine with pressed-metal ceilings and wrap-around verandahs, your moment has arrived.</p> <p>"Whroonga", a grand old Queenslander perched on 3 Mark Street in New Farm, is up for sale for the first time since 1890, marking the end of one remarkable family’s 135-year chapter.</p> <p>Passed lovingly down through generations, the home is more than a piece of real estate, it’s a living scrapbook of Brisbane’s colonial past and political legacy. It was here that Lady Florence Bjelke-Petersen, known to most Australians as “Lady Flo”, spent her formative years. Before she was baking her famous pumpkin scones or sitting in the Senate, she was simply Flo from New Farm, sharing her childhood with sister Margaret in what neighbours once dubbed the suburb’s own “Gilmore Girls” household.</p> <p>Lady Flo was married to Queensland's longest-serving premier, Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, and w<span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">hile the world outside transformed apace, "Whroonga" stood still, its high ceilings, timber joinery, and century-old charm untouched by modern trends. Even the majestic red flame tree in the front yard has stood sentinel for generations, shading countless childhood games, family gatherings and quiet moments alike.</span></p> <p>Margaret Gilmour, Florence’s sister and a respected local historian, remained in the house until her passing at the age of 101, ensuring its story stayed whole. Now, for the first time in well over a century, the keys will pass to a new owner who will write the next chapter.</p> <p>In a world of fast flips and fleeting ownership, "Whroonga" is a rare and beautiful reminder of the stories homes can hold when they’re given time to breathe – and generations to grow.</p> <p><a href="https://view.com.au/property/qld/new-farm-4005/3-mark-street-16853999/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Take a look at the property here</a>.</p> <p><em>Images: Place New Farm / Qld State Library</em></p>

Real Estate

New study examines the psychological effects of "splitting the bill"

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>When an outing calls for upfront payment, such as admission to the cinema, a play or a theme park, the question of who covers it can shape the tone before the fun even begins.</p> <p>Navigating payment with others – whether colleagues, close friends or new acquaintances – can be <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001689">tricky</a> and interrupt the social dynamic that makes shared experiences so valuable.</p> <p>Our new <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.70011">research</a>, published in Psychology and Marketing, suggests the way you approach splitting upfront costs could have some surprising impacts.</p> <p>In some cases, despite the dent in your bank account, covering the full cost of an experience for yourself and someone else could actually make you happier.</p> <p>But this won’t always be the case. And it likely comes down to the different norms and expectations we have for different kinds of relationships.</p> <h2>The experience economy</h2> <p>When times are tough financially, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv007">psychology suggests</a> people would prefer to spend their money on material goods rather than experiences.</p> <p>Yet despite <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/price-indexes-and-inflation/selected-living-cost-indexes-australia/latest-release">ongoing cost-of-living pressures</a>, there’s evidence to suggest many Australians are <a href="https://www.mediaweek.com.au/mediahub-aussies-prioritise-experiences-over-material-possessions/">prioritising experiences</a>.</p> <figure class="align-right "><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Experiences are <a href="https://hbr.org/1998/07/welcome-to-the-experience-economy">not just services</a>, but rather about creating memorable events. Compared with material goods, experiences are consistently linked to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa047">improved happiness</a>.</p> <p>A big part of the benefit we derive from such experiences hinges on the fact that we <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030953">share them with other people</a>. Putting money towards experiences lets us spend time with other people and relate to them in ways just buying “stuff” often can’t match.</p> <p>So much so, that factors like <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.70011">who we go with</a>, the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucx054">quality of conversations</a> an experience leads to, or the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437211002818">clarity</a> we have about the other person’s interests can have as much of an effect on happiness as the experience content itself.</p> <p>In shared experiences, where money is unavoidable, how does “who pays” affect their well-being benefits? This is the question we posed in our <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.70011">latest research</a>, coauthored with Belinda Barton and Natalina Zlatevska.</p> <h2>Going to the movies</h2> <p>We conducted three experiments with 2,640 people and presented them with a common scenario: they would be going to the cinema with either their best friend or a casual acquaintance.</p> <p>We told half of the participants they would split the cost (that is, pay only for their own admission). The other half were told they would cover the whole cost for both themselves and the other person. We then asked them how happy they would be with this purchase.</p> <p>Across the three studies, when participants were with their best friend, they reported they would be happier paying the full amount than they would be splitting the cost. In contrast, when participants were with an acquaintance, we found that how the cost was split had no effect on happiness.</p> <h2>The ‘close friends’ effect</h2> <p>With closer friends, unlike acquaintances and strangers, we often have a different set of norms and expectations – especially surrounding reciprocity.</p> <p>Interactions with close friends usually follow “<a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-32735-012">communal norms</a>”. This is where people help each other based on care and need, without expecting something in return.</p> <p>On the other hand, interactions with strangers and acquaintances are more likely to follow “<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293196003">exchange norms</a>”, which prioritise balance and direct repayment.</p> <p>In line with this, we found when participants were with their best friends, their expectations of repayment were lower than with acquaintances when they paid for them. Where participants had higher expectations of repayment, they noted they would be less happy.</p> <h2>Other possibilities</h2> <p>We also tested other ideas, such as whether who pays would affect how smooth the conversation felt or whether it created awkwardness in the dynamic.</p> <p>We also examined whether the payment felt like an investment in the relationship, or whether it made the other person think more positively of the participant.</p> <p>We found that none of these really changed depending on who paid and how close the two people were, so they didn’t seem to explain why paying for a close friend felt better.</p> <p>Instead, norms around reciprocity in different types of relationships can make paying feel more transactional than a kind gesture. This, in turn, affects how happy it makes us feel.</p> <h2>So, should I spend all my money on my friends?</h2> <p>While our research suggests paying for others can make you happier, we don’t recommend budgeting your life savings for this cause.</p> <p>We limited our experiments to inexpensive experiences (that is, the cinema). So, it’s unlikely paying for your friend’s 2026 Europe trip will bring you ultimate happiness.</p> <p>Also, if your friend already owes you money, you might expect them to pay you back sooner, and footing the bill again could start to wear thin on your happiness.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/261557/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/aimee-e-smith-2436183">Aimee E. Smith</a>, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Net Zero Observatory, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/time-to-ditch-splitting-the-bill-shouting-a-close-friend-could-actually-make-you-happier-261557">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p> </div>

Food & Wine

"It's just my name": Aussie mum's number plate banned for being too offensive

<p>In what may be the most <em>Queensland</em> story of the year, a local mum has been left scratching her head after being told her own legal name was too controversial to be printed on a number plate.</p> <p>Indica Bradford, a Sunshine State resident with a name more commonly found in dispensaries than baby name books, says she was crushed after Personalised Plates Queensland (PPQ) refunded her deposit and rejected her application for custom plates bearing her first name.</p> <p>“I’ve been planning this since I got my licence,” Indica told <em>A Current Affair</em>, possibly while sipping chamomile tea and definitely not sparking up anything illegal. “Everyone has personalised plates and I could get my full name because it’s so unique. I was really excited.”</p> <p>After confirming over several years that INDICA was still available (possibly due to others being less keen to broadcast a botanical classification of cannabis), Indica finally pulled the trigger. She bought a new car, put her chosen plates on lay-by, and waited for her custom dream to become Queensland highway reality.</p> <p>Then came the buzzkill.</p> <p>PPQ refunded her money, called her up, and delivered the bad news: Indica had been rejected. The reason? The Department of Transport and Main Roads had deemed the name inappropriate, saying it could be interpreted as promoting illegal drugs or criminal activity.</p> <p>Which, to be clear, was a surprise to Indica, who has spent her entire life thinking her name was simply a pretty word her mum liked. “She loved it for years,” Indica explained. “She finally had me and named me the name she loved.”</p> <p>Neither mother nor daughter had any idea it had a... greener meaning.</p> <p>“I think the majority of Australia would probably be the same. They wouldn’t even know what it meant,” she said, perhaps optimistically.</p> <p>To be fair, Sativa Bradford probably would’ve had the same issue.</p> <p>Despite the bureaucratic bummer, Indica isn't backing down. “I’m not trying to offend anyone. It’s just my name, yeah, my legal name, on my birth certificate,” she said, clutching her paperwork and likely resisting the urge to add a middle name like "TotallyLegal".</p> <p>The Department of Transport and Main Roads replied with a characteristically dry statement about how personalised plate content is reviewed “against several criteria” and is updated “to reflect current community and social norms”.</p> <p>Translation: no weed names, even if it’s literally what your mum called you before the first ultrasound.</p> <p>Still, all is not lost. The department said Indica can request a formal review, a chance for justice, or at least a small victory for people named after misunderstood plant strains everywhere.</p> <p>For now, Indica is driving around incognito. But if you spot a car with “ND1K4” on the back, give her a wave. </p> <p><em>Images: A Current Affair</em></p>

Legal

Pauline Hanson and One Nation senators criticised for turning their backs during Acknowledgement of Country

<p>A silent protest by four One Nation senators who turned their backs during an Acknowledgement of Country in the Senate has drawn strong condemnation from across the political spectrum.</p> <p>The incident occurred during the ceremonial opening of parliament on Tuesday, when the traditional statement of respect for First Nations peoples was read aloud. Instead of standing in observance, the four right-wing senators from Pauline Hanson's party physically turned away from the proceedings, a move that Cabinet Minister Clare O’Neil slammed as “disrespectful and rude and childish”.</p> <p>“It’s disappointing that their actions became a point of focus, especially on a day when there were so many beautiful moments of unity during the Welcome to Country ceremonies,” Ms O’Neil said on Wednesday. “To treat people that way on the first day of parliament was absolutely appalling.”</p> <p>The protest has reignited debate around the role of Welcome to Country and Acknowledgement of Country protocols in national life, which some conservative voices have recently branded “divisive”.</p> <p>One Nation leader Pauline Hanson defended her party’s actions, repeating her long-standing view that the Acknowledgement of Country has become “increasingly forced” and politically charged.</p> <p>Nationals senator Bridget McKenzie offered a more nuanced take, saying that while she personally listened respectfully to the statement, others had a right to express differing views. “The problem in a liberal democracy like ours is when we can’t express different views,” she told Sunrise. She likened the action to MPs who choose to walk out during morning prayers or decline to support the monarchy.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">This afternoon in the Senate, every One Nation senator stood with me to turn our backs on the divisive and increasingly forced Acknowledgement of Country.</p> <p>I’ve made this protest on my own for years, but today, our whole team made it clear: we’ve had enough of being told we don’t… <a href="https://t.co/iUoZbiDqn6">pic.twitter.com/iUoZbiDqn6</a></p> <p>— Pauline Hanson 🇦🇺 (@PaulineHansonOz) <a href="https://twitter.com/PaulineHansonOz/status/1947576558287523975?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 22, 2025</a></p></blockquote> <p>But Minister O’Neil rejected that framing, arguing that First Nations guests had extended a hand of welcome to parliamentarians and deserved better treatment. “Whatever your views about the Welcome to Country, this was about showing respect,” she said. “We were being invited to reflect on 65,000 years of heritage that enrich our country.”</p> <p>Prime Minister Anthony Albanese also weighed in, praising the ceremony as a meaningful way to open parliament and reflect on Australia’s shared history. “Like a lot of the more positive things about our nation, we shouldn’t take it for granted,” he said, adding that the Acknowledgement of Country “should not be controversial”.</p> <p>The incident comes amid growing tension around Indigenous cultural protocols, with recent flashpoints including the booing of a Welcome to Country address by a neo-Nazi group during an Anzac Day dawn service in Melbourne.</p> <p>Despite the backlash, the federal government reaffirmed its commitment to the practice, with Deputy Opposition Leader Sussan Ley also noting the symbolic importance of the ceremony. “It set the tone as we re-commit ourselves to the taking of practical action to improve lives and expand opportunity for Indigenous Australians in every part of our great country,” she said.</p> <p>Welcome to Country ceremonies are conducted by Traditional Owners, while Acknowledgement of Country is a statement of respect for Indigenous peoples and connection to land, and can be made by anyone, regardless of background.</p> <p><em>Images: 7 News / X (Fomerly Twitter)</em></p>

Legal

Star of The Cosby Show dies aged 54

<p>Malcolm-Jamal Warner, the actor who became a household name playing Theo Huxtable on <em>The Cosby Show</em>, has died at age 54 in an accidental drowning in Costa Rica.</p> <p>Warner drowned on Sunday afternoon while swimming at Playa Cocles, a beach on Costa Rica’s Caribbean coast, according to the country’s Judicial Investigation Department. Authorities said he was caught in a current and pulled out to sea. Though beachgoers managed to bring him to shore, Costa Rica’s Red Cross responders found him unresponsive. He was later taken to the local morgue.</p> <p>Warner’s death marks the tragic end of a career that spanned four decades and helped shape American television in the 1980s and beyond. Cast at age 13 after a wide talent search, Warner’s portrayal of Theo – the only son in the Huxtable household – earned him an Emmy nomination in 1986 and made him a relatable and iconic figure for a generation of viewers.</p> <p>Among the show’s most memorable moments was Theo’s heartfelt debate with his father about responsibility in the pilot episode, and his comic misadventures with a homemade designer shirt gifted by his sister Denise, a scene many fans still recall with fondness.</p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DMYaVaqSR14/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DMYaVaqSR14/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by Tracee Ellis Ross (@traceeellisross)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Born on August 18, 1970, in Jersey City, New Jersey, Warner was named after Malcolm X and jazz legend Ahmad Jamal. He was raised by his mother, Pamela, who became his manager and guided his early interest in the arts. He later attended The Professional Children's School in New York to pursue acting seriously.</p> <p>Though forever linked to his role on <em>The Cosby Show</em>, Warner successfully carved out a diverse career in the decades that followed. He starred in <em>Malcolm & Eddie</em>, the BET sitcom <em>Read Between the Lines</em>, played a popular returning character in <em>Community</em>, and more recently appeared in acclaimed dramas such as <em>American Crime Story</em> and <em>The Resident</em>. He also earned a Grammy Award for best traditional R&B performance and received a spoken word nomination for his poetry album Hiding in Plain View.</p> <p>In a 2015 interview with the Associated Press, Warner expressed both pride in the cultural significance of <em>The Cosby Show</em> and sadness over its legacy being overshadowed by the sexual assault allegations against Bill Cosby.</p> <p>"My biggest concern is when it comes to images of people of colour on television and film," Warner said. "We've always had <em>The Cosby Show</em> to hold up against that. And the fact that we no longer have that, that's the thing that saddens me the most – because in a few generations the Huxtables will have been just a fairytale."</p> <p>He also shared his deep commitment to his craft and his drive to evolve as an artist: “I grew up with a maniacal obsession with not wanting to be one of those 'where are they now kids.’ I feel very blessed… to be where I am now and finally at a place where I can let go of that worry about having a life after <em>Cosby</em>.”</p> <p>Warner was married and had a daughter, though he kept their identities private. His representatives and those of Bill Cosby declined to comment following news of his death.</p> <p>Malcolm-Jamal Warner leaves behind a legacy of groundbreaking work, creative versatility, and a deeply personal connection with millions of viewers who watched him grow up on screen.</p> <p><em>Images: NBC / Supplied</em></p>

Caring

Will your private health insurance cover surgery? What if your claim is rejected?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/bupa-in-court-for-unconscionable-conduct-and-misleading-consumers-about-health-insurance-benefits-entitlements">has fined Bupa A$35 million</a> for unlawfully rejecting thousands of health insurance claims over more than five years.</p> <p>Between May 2018 and August 2023 Bupa incorrectly rejected claims from patients who had multiple medical procedures, with at least one of those procedures covered under their health insurance policy.</p> <p>Instead of paying the portion of the treatment that was covered, Bupa’s automated systems wrongly rejected the entire claim.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="zxx"><a href="https://t.co/GycZXpr7NP">https://t.co/GycZXpr7NP</a></p> <p>— Melissa Sweet (@MelissaSweetDr) <a href="https://twitter.com/MelissaSweetDr/status/1940955350582415771?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">July 4, 2025</a></p></blockquote> <p>Bupa admitted these errors were due to system problems and poor staff guidance, and has <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/bupa-in-court-for-unconscionable-conduct-and-misleading-consumers-about-health-insurance-benefits-entitlements">started to recompensate members</a>.</p> <p>So you may be worried whether your private health insurance will cover you for the procedures you need.</p> <p>Here’s what you need to know about the different types of hospital cover. And if your claim is rejected, what to do next.</p> <h2>From basic to gold</h2> <p>As of March 2025, <a href="https://www.apra.gov.au/quarterly-private-health-insurance-statistics">45.3% of Australians</a> have private health insurance for hospital cover. There are four tiers: <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/private-health-insurance/what-private-health-insurance-covers/hospital-cover-and-product-tiers#private-health-insurance-product-tiers-gold-silver-bronze-and-basic-cover">basic, bronze, silver and gold</a>.</p> <p>Each tier has a minimum set of “<a href="https://www.health.gov.au/sites/default/files/private-health-insurance-reforms-gold-silver-bronze-basic-product-tiers-campaign-fact-sheet_1.pdf">clinical categories</a>”. These are groups of hospital treatments that must be covered.</p> <p>For example, basic hospital cover only has three mandatory inclusions: rehabilitation, hospital psychiatric services and palliative care. But this is “restricted” cover, meaning patients will often still have to pay substantial out-of-pocket costs for these services.</p> <p>Basic cover is entry-level cover, mainly for people who want to avoid the <a href="https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/medicare-and-private-health-insurance/private-health-insurance-rebate/lifetime-health-cover">Lifetime Health Cover loading</a> and the <a href="https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals-and-families/medicare-and-private-health-insurance/medicare-levy-surcharge">Medicare Levy Surcharge</a>. These are both ways of encouraging people to take up private health insurance while young and keeping it, especially people on higher incomes.</p> <p>At the other end of the scale is gold cover, which includes unrestricted cover for all defined clinical categories, including pregnancy and birth.</p> <p>You can generally change your level of cover at any time. When you upgrade to include new services or increase benefits for existing services, you will need to serve new waiting periods for those new or increased benefits.</p> <p>A common waiting period is 12 months for pre-existing conditions (any ailment, illness or condition that you had signs or symptoms of during the six months before upgrading, even if undiagnosed), and for pregnancy and birth-related services. But there is generally only a two-month waiting period for psychiatric care, rehabilitation or palliative care, even if it’s for a pre-existing condition.</p> <p>It’s a good idea to review your policy every two years because your health needs and financial circumstances can change.</p> <h2>How much do companies pay out?</h2> <p>The proportion of premiums that are paid out to cover medical claims is known as the “average payout ratio”. And this has been about <a href="https://privatehealthcareaustralia.org.au/the-facts-about-health-insurance-and-private-hospitals/">84–86%</a> over most of the past 20 years.</p> <p>This does not mean your health insurer will pay out 84–86% of your individual claim. This national average accounts for the percentage of all premiums in any one year, across all insurers, that’s paid out in claims.</p> <p>The payout ratios vary by insurer and are <a href="https://www.ama.com.au/sites/default/files/2025-03/AMA%20Budget%20Submission%202025-2026%20Private%20Health_0.pdf">slightly higher for not-for-profit health insurers</a> than for-profit insurers.</p> <p>That’s because for-profit health insurers have pressure to deliver profits to shareholders and have incentives to minimise payouts and control costs.</p> <p>If not properly managed, these incentives may result in higher out-of-pocket expenses and denied claims.</p> <h2>Why has my claim been rejected?</h2> <p>Common reasons for claims to be rejected include:</p> <ul> <li> <p>the policy excluded or restricted the clinical category</p> </li> <li> <p>the waiting period was not served</p> </li> <li> <p>incorrect information (for example, a doctor billed an incorrect item number)</p> </li> <li> <p>what’s known as “mixed coverage” (as in the Bupa scandal), where not everything in a claim is covered, but the entire claim is declined.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>What if I think there’s an error?</h2> <p>If your health insurance company refuses your claim, you can request a detailed explanation in writing.</p> <p>If you believe your claim has been incorrectly denied, you can make a formal complaint directly with the insurer. For this you need to check your policy documents, and gather supporting evidence. This may include detailed invoices, medical reports, referral letters and correct item numbers.</p> <p>If you are not satisfied with the outcome of the health fund’s internal review, or the fund doesn’t respond with the specific time-frame (for instance, 30–45 days), you can escalate your complaint.</p> <p>You can get in touch with the <a href="https://www.ombudsman.gov.au/complaints/private-health-insurance-complaints">Commonwealth Ombudsman</a> (phone: 1300 362 072). This provides a free, independent complaint handling service for a range of consumer issues, including health insurance.</p> <p>Bupa customers concerned about a “mixed coverage” claim can <a href="https://www.bupa.com.au/health-insurance/mixed-coverage">contact the company directly</a>.</p> <h2>What can governments do?</h2> <p>The Bupa scandal, along with ongoing concerns about transparency and rising out-of-pocket costs, highlights the need for policy reforms to better protect consumers.</p> <p>The government should require health insurers and health-care providers to give clear estimates of all potential out-of-pocket costs for a procedure before it happens. This would avoid unexpected bills and help consumers make informed decisions about their health care.</p> <p>The government could also let the ACCC or the <a href="https://www.apra.gov.au/">Australian Prudential Regulation Authority</a> conduct regular, independent audits of insurers’ claims systems and practices.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/260702/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/yuting-zhang-1144393">Yuting Zhang</a>, Professor of Health Economics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/will-my-private-health-insurance-cover-my-surgery-what-if-my-claim-is-rejected-260702">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / </em><em>Kampus Production</em></p> </div>

Caring

Why mental health might be picking your postcode

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Ever felt like where you live is having an impact on your mental health? Turns out, you’re not imagining things.</p> <p>Our <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40440745/">new analysis</a> of eight years of data from the <a href="https://www.psych.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/new-zealand-attitudes-and-values-study.html">New Zealand Attitude and Values Study</a> found how often we move and where we live are intertwined with our mental health.</p> <p>In some respects, this finding might seem obvious. Does a person feel the same living in a walkable and leafy suburb with parks and stable neighbours as they would in a more transient neighbourhood with few local services and busy highways?</p> <p>Probably not. The built and natural environment shapes how safe, supported and settled a person feels.</p> <p>We wanted to know to what extent a person’s mental health is shaped by where they live – and to what degree a person’s mental health determines where they end up living.</p> <h2>Patterns over time</h2> <p>Most research on the environmental influences on mental health gives us a snapshot of people’s lives at a single point in time. That’s useful, but it doesn’t show how things change over time or how the past may affect the future.</p> <p>Our study took a slightly different approach. By tracking the same people year after year, we looked at patterns over time: how their mental health shifted, whether they moved house, their access to positive and negative environmental features, and how the areas they lived in changed when it came to factors such as poverty, unemployment and overcrowding.</p> <p>We also looked at things like age, body size and how much people exercised, all of which can influence mental health, too.</p> <p>To make sense of such complex and interconnected data, we turned to modern machine learning tools – in particular <a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/random-forest">Random Forest algorithms</a>. These tools allowed us to build a lot of individual models (trees) looking at how various factors affect mental health.</p> <p>We could then see which factors come up most often to evaluate both their relative importance and the likely extent of their influence.</p> <p>We also ran <a href="https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/monte-carlo-simulation">Monte Carlo simulations</a>. Think of these like a high-tech crystal ball, to explore what might happen to mental health over time if neighbourhood conditions improved.</p> <p>These simulations produced multiple future scenarios with better neighbourhood conditions, used Random Forest to forecast mental health outcomes in each, and then averaged the results.</p> <h2>A negative feedback loop</h2> <p>What we uncovered was a potential negative feedback loop. People who had depression or anxiety were more likely to move house, and those who moved were, on average, more likely to experience worsening mental health later on.</p> <p>And there’s more. People with persistent mental health issues weren’t just moving more often, they were also more likely to move into a more deprived area. In other words, poorer mental health was related to a higher likelihood of ending up in places where resources were scarcer and the risk of ongoing stress was potentially higher.</p> <p>Our study was unable to say why the moves occurred, but it may be that mental health challenges were related to unstable housing, financial strain, or the need for a fresh start. Our future research will try to unpick some of this.</p> <p>On the flip side, people who didn’t relocate as often, especially those in lower-deprivation areas, tended to have better long-term mental health. So, stability matters. So does the neighbourhood.</p> <h2>Where we live matters</h2> <p>These findings challenge the idea that mental health is just about what’s inside us. Where we live plays a key role in shaping how we feel. But it’s not just that our environment affects our minds. Our minds can also steer us into different environments, too.</p> <p>Our study shows that mental health and place are potentially locked in a feedback loop. One influences the other and the cycle can either support wellbeing or drive decline.</p> <p>That has real implications for how we support people with mental health challenges.</p> <p>In this study, if a person was already struggling, they were more likely to move and more likely to end up somewhere that made life harder.</p> <p>This isn’t just about individual choice. It’s about the systems we’ve built, housing markets, income inequality, access to care and more. If we want better mental health at a population level, we need to think beyond the individual level. We need to think about place.</p> <p>Because in the end, mental health doesn’t just live in the mind; it’s also rooted in the places we live.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/260491/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/matthew-hobbs-1138967">Matthew Hobbs</a>, Associate Professor and Transforming Lives Fellow, Spatial Data Science and Planetary Health, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/sheffield-hallam-university-846">Sheffield Hallam University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/chris-g-sibley-406029">Chris G. Sibley</a>, Professor in Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-auckland-waipapa-taumata-rau-1305">University of Auckland, Waipapa Taumata Rau</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/elena-moltchanova-1530664">Elena Moltchanova</a>, Professor of Statistics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-canterbury-1004">University of Canterbury</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/taciano-l-milfont-1172215">Taciano L. Milfont</a>, Professor in Environmental Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-waikato-781">University of Waikato</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/is-our-mental-health-determined-by-where-we-live-or-is-it-the-other-way-round-new-research-sheds-more-light-260491">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / </em><em>Mizzu Cho</em></p> </div>

Mind

Aussie Vietnam hero finally awarded Victoria Cross after 60 years

<p>More than half a century after risking his life to save his mates in Vietnam, Richard Norden has finally received the nation’s highest military honour: the Victoria Cross.</p> <p>It’s a moment veterans, families and history-lovers have long hoped for: recognition for a young man from Gundagai whose extraordinary courage in 1968 helped save lives and left an unforgettable mark on those who served beside him.</p> <p>Norden was only 19 when his platoon was ambushed during the Vietnam War. Despite being outnumbered and outgunned, he ran straight into enemy fire – killing two enemy soldiers, rescuing his wounded section commander Joe Kelly, and retrieving the body of his mate Chris Nisbet with grenades in hand.</p> <p>"If it wasn't for Dick, there would have been more of us coming home in body bags that day," fellow veteran Stan Barrett told <a href="https://www.9news.com.au/national/victoria-cross-awarded-posthumously-to-vietnam-war-veteran-who-rescued-wounded-comrade/2fe31b9a-4057-4552-9b30-5ee746d0e89a" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>A Current Affair</em></a>.</p> <p>At the time, Norden was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. But even Sir Roden Cutler, himself a VC recipient and then-Governor of New South Wales, felt the recognition didn’t go far enough.</p> <p>For decades, friends, comrades and advocates continued the fight to have his bravery properly honoured. One of them was veteran George Hulse, who took on governments and the military until 2022, when the case for a Victoria Cross was finally accepted.</p> <p>"And (Cutler) said the words, ‘What does one have to do these days to get the Victoria Cross?’" Hulse recalled.</p> <p>In a cruel twist, Norden never lived to see the moment. After surviving Vietnam, he joined the Australian Federal Police, but tragically died in a motorcycle crash in 1972. He was just 24.</p> <p>On behalf of a grateful nation, Norden’s widow Robynn accepted the long-overdue medal in an emotional ceremony, honouring the love of her life and the hero he always was.</p> <p>For the men who served beside him, the recognition is bittersweet. But finally, Richard Norden’s name takes its rightful place in history.</p> <p><em>Images: A Current Affair</em></p>

Family & Pets

What happens the moment you give up alcohol

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Alcohol has many negative effects on our health, some of which may surprise you. These include short-term impacts such as waking up with a <a href="https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/hangovers">pounding head</a> or <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-do-i-get-so-anxious-after-drinking-heres-the-science-behind-hangxiety-240991">anxiety</a>, to <a href="https://www.health.gov.au/topics/alcohol/about-alcohol/what-are-the-effects-of-alcohol#longterm-effects">long-term</a> effects including <a href="https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/04-01-2023-no-level-of-alcohol-consumption-is-safe-for-our-health">cancer</a>.</p> <p>If you are thinking about taking some time off alcohol, you’ll find many quick wins and long-term gains for your health.</p> <p>How long will you have to wait to feel the benefits?</p> <p>We’ve made a timeline – based on scientific research – that shows what you might feel in the first days, weeks, months and years after taking a break from alcohol.</p> <p>Some benefits start immediately, so every day without alcohol is a win for your health.</p> <p><iframe id="tc-infographic-1187" class="tc-infographic" style="border: none;" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/infographics/1187/3a7f432af336224429f29c110db908db78417797/site/index.html" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <h2>After one day</h2> <p>Alcohol takes <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/how-long-does-alcohol-stay-in-your-system">around 24 hours</a> to completely leave your body, so you may start noticing improvements after just one day.</p> <p>Alcohol makes you <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20497950">need to urinate more often</a>, causing dehydration. But your body can absorb a glass of water <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3351614">almost immediately</a>, so once alcohol is out of your system alcohol dehydration is reduced, improving digestion, brain function and energy levels.</p> <p>Alcohol also reduces the liver’s ability to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573079">regulate blood sugar</a>. Once alcohol leaves the system, blood sugar begins to normalise.</p> <p>If you are a daily drinker you may <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/alcoholism/withdrawal#symptoms">feel a bit worse</a> to start with while your body adjusts to not having alcohol in its system all the time. You may initially notice disrupted sleep, mood changes, sweating or tremors. Most symptoms usually resolve in about a week without alcohol.</p> <h2>After one week</h2> <p>Even though alcohol can make you feel sleepy at first, it <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444626196000240">disrupts your sleep cycle</a>. By the end of an alcohol-free week, you may notice you are <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08870446.2020.1743840">more energetic</a> in the mornings as a result of getting better quality sleep.</p> <p>As the body’s filter, the liver does much of the heavy lifting in processing alcohol and can be easily damaged even with <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523233262">moderate drinking</a>.</p> <p>The liver is important for cleaning blood, processing nutrients and producing bile that helps with digestion.</p> <p>But it can also regenerate quickly. If you have only mild damage in the liver, <a href="https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/lyl-alcohol-and-the-liver/#:%7E:text=Because%20the%20liver%20is%20able,weeks%20after%20giving%20up%20alcohol">seven days may be enough</a> to reduce liver fat and heal mild scarring and tissue damage.</p> <p>Even small amounts of alcohol can <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2353">impair brain functioning</a>. So quitting can help <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2353">improve brain health</a> within a few days in light to moderate drinkers and <a href="https://movendi.ngo/science-digest/quitting-alcohol-can-improve-cognitive-function-for-people-experiencing-severe-alcohol-use-disorder-in-just-18-days/">within a month</a> even for very heavy dependent drinkers.</p> <h2>After one month</h2> <p>Alcohol can make <a href="https://www.beyondblue.org.au/mental-health/alcohol-and-mental-health">managing mood</a> harder and worsen symptoms of anxiety and depression. After a few weeks, most people start to <a href="https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/alcohol-and-mental-health#:%7E:text=Regular%20heavy%20drinking%20is%20linked,few%20weeks%20of%20stopping%20drinking.">feel better</a>. Even very heavy drinkers report better mood after <a href="https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/what-to-expect-when-you-quit-drinking">one to two months</a>.</p> <p>As your sleep and mood improve you may also notice <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32216557/">more energy and greater wellbeing</a>.</p> <p>After a month of abstinence regular drinkers also report <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32216557/">feeling more confident</a> about making changes to how they drink.</p> <p>You may <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/5/e020673">lose weight</a> and body fat. Alcohol contains a lot of <a href="https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/Alcohol-and-weight-gain">kilojules</a> and can trigger hunger reward systems, making us overeat or choose less healthy foods when drinking.</p> <p>Even your skin will thank you. Alcohol can make you look <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31531169/">older</a> through <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/alcoholic-skin#summary">dehydration and inflammation</a>, which can be reversed when you quit.</p> <p>Alcohol <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5513683">irritates the gut</a> and disrupts <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c6731">normal stomach functioning</a>, causing bloating, indigestion, heartburn and diarrhoea. These symptoms usually <a href="https://publications.aap.org/pediatricsinreview/article-abstract/18/8/282/36760/Alcoholic-Gastritis">start to resolve</a> within <a href="https://arcr.niaaa.nih.gov/media/671/download">four weeks</a>.</p> <p>One month of abstinence, <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/multimedia/vid-20536756">insulin resistance</a> – which can lead to high blood sugar – <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/5/e020673">significantly</a> reduces by 25%. <a href="https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blood-pressure">Blood pressure</a> also reduces (by 6%) and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/cancer-growth-factor">cancer-related growth factors</a> declines, lowering your risk of cancer.</p> <h2>After six months</h2> <p>The liver <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33868869/">starts to repair</a> within weeks. For moderate drinkers, damage to your liver could be <a href="https://britishlivertrust.org.uk/lyl-alcohol-and-the-liver">fully reversed</a> by six months.</p> <p>At this point, even heavy drinkers may notice they’re better at <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4590616">fighting infections</a> and feel healthier overall.</p> <h2>After one year or more</h2> <p>Alcohol contributes to or causes a large number of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/about-alcohol-use/index.html#:%7E:text=Other%20chronic%20diseases,your%20chances%20of%20getting%20sick">chronic diseases</a>, including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and seven different types of cancer, as well as mental health issues. All of these risks can be reduced by quitting or cutting back on alcohol.</p> <p>Alcohol increases <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/blood-pressure/faq-20058254">blood pressure</a>. High blood pressure (hypertension) is the <a href="https://world-heart-federation.org/what-we-do/hypertension/">top risk factor</a> for death in the world. A small <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12493255/">2mmHg increase in blood pressure</a> above the normal range (120mmHG) increases death from stroke by 10% and from coronary artery disease by 7%.</p> <p>Cutting back on alcohol to less than two drinks a day can <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/expert-answers/blood-pressure/faq-20058254">reduce blood pressure significantly</a>, reducing risk of stroke and heart disease. Reducing blood pressure also <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20045868">reduces risk</a> of kidney disease, eye problems and even erectile dysfunction.</p> <p>With sustained abstinence, your risk of getting any type of cancer drops. <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2795595">One study</a> looked at cancer risk for more than 4 million adults over three to seven years and found the risk of alcohol-related cancer dropped by 4%, even for light drinkers who quit. Reducing from heavy to moderate drinking reduced alcohol-related cancer risk by 9%.</p> <h2>Making a change</h2> <p>Any reduction in drinking will have some noticeable and immediate benefits to your brain and general health. The less you drink and the longer you go between drinks, the healthier you will be.</p> <p>Whether you aim to cut back or quit entirely, there are <a href="https://theconversation.com/trying-to-cut-back-on-alcohol-heres-what-works-179664">some simple things</a> you can do to help you stick with it:</p> <ul> <li> <p>set clear goals plus the smaller steps you need to take to get there</p> </li> <li> <p>pay attention to the benefits you notice from quitting</p> </li> <li> <p>monitor your progress with a <a href="https://hellosundaymorning.org/drink-tracker/">Drink Tracker</a></p> </li> <li> <p>get support from others, for example Hello Sunday Morning’s anonymous <a href="https://hellosundaymorning.org/daybreak-app/">Daybreak app</a>, <a href="https://smartrecoveryaustralia.com.au">SMART Recovery</a>, <a href="https://www.counsellingonline.org.au">CounsellingOnline</a> or <a href="https://www.soberinthecountry.org">Sober in the Country</a>.</p> </li> </ul> <p>If you are still wondering about whether to make changes or not you can check your drinking risk <a href="https://hellosundaymorning.org/nib_alcohol_self-assessment/">here</a>.</p> <p>If you have tried to cut back and found it difficult you may need professional help. Call the National Alcohol and other Drug Hotline on 1800 250 015 and they will put you in touch with services in your area that can help. You can also talk to your GP.</p> <p><em>We would like to thank Dr Hannah MacRae for assistance in identifying the research used in this article.</em><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/249272/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/nicole-lee-81635">Nicole Lee</a>, Adjunct Professor at the National Drug Research Institute (Melbourne based), <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/curtin-university-873">Curtin University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/katinka-van-de-ven-159873">Katinka van de Ven</a>, Alcohol and other drug specialist, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/even-a-day-off-alcohol-makes-a-difference-our-timeline-maps-the-health-benefits-when-you-stop-drinking-249272">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Pexels / </em><em>Helena Lopes</em></p> </div>

Body

Why on earth does cafe coffee taste so much better than homemade?!

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>If you start reading the labels of the various milks at the supermarket, you’ll quickly find different fat levels, added nutrients like calcium, lactose-free options, milk from goats or sheep, and ones made from plants.</p> <p>Both at the supermarket and at your local café you’ve probably also seen cartons labelled “barista milk”. These can be dairy or plant milks marketed for making specialist coffee drinks such as flat whites, lattes and others.</p> <p>But what exactly makes a product a barista milk, and how does it differ from regular milk?</p> <h2>What is ‘milk’, anyway?</h2> <p>“Milk” is a regulated term. <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2015L00462/latest/text">Food Standards Australia New Zealand</a> sets requirements on fat and protein contents for dairy milk, and it has to come from “milking animals”. These standards also state what can be added or modified; only plant sterols (a supplement to reduce blood cholesterol) are allowed.</p> <p>Despite the name, plant-based milks aren’t bound by a specific “milk” standard. Instead, they fall under broader beverage regulations, which is why you’ll see a wide variety of ingredients, protein levels, sugars and fats from one brand to the next.</p> <p>Because of this regulation, manufacturers are careful to make it absolutely clear what is in the carton or bottle so there’s no confusion between cow’s milk and soy milk, for example.</p> <h2>What is barista milk, then?</h2> <p>Barista milks, whether dairy or plant-based, are specifically formulated to foam more reliably, with a finer texture and longer-lasting bubbles.</p> <p>For cow’s milk, this almost always means higher protein content: about 4–5% in barista milk compared to the 3.3–3.5% in regular milk. You’ll often see “milk solids” listed in the ingredients; this is another name for dried skim milk, added to boost the protein content.</p> <p>Plant-based barista milks (such as soy, oat or almond) will vary a lot more, depending on the manufacturer and the plant base.</p> <p>The most common additives in plant-based barista milks are:</p> <ul> <li>vegetable oils for creaminess and thickness</li> <li>gums (such as <a href="https://www.foodingredientfacts.org/facts-on-food-ingredients/sources-of-food-ingredients/gellan-gum/">gellan</a> or <a href="https://www.foodingredientfacts.org/facts-on-food-ingredients/sources-of-food-ingredients/locust-bean-gum/">locust bean gum</a>) to increase thickness</li> <li><a href="https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-week/archive/m/maltodextrin.html">maltodextrin</a> (a processed starch), also for thickness, and</li> <li>emulsifiers such as <a href="https://www.foodingredientfacts.org/facts-on-food-ingredients/sources-of-food-ingredients/lecithin/">lecithin</a> – to help stop the fats and water from splitting apart.</li> </ul> <figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=400&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/673858/original/file-20250612-62-s01j00.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=503&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" alt="Close-up of a stainless steel pitcher with milk foam." /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">The foam in frothed milk happens through a complex interaction of ingredients and temperature.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/steam-frothing-milk-under-pressure-coffee-1580168296">Dmytro Vietrov/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure> <h2>The science of a good foam</h2> <p>Foam is essentially <a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-4471-3807-5_1?pdf=chapter%20toc">gas bubbles suspended in a liquid</a>. Its stability depends on a complex interaction of <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-41661-4_24">proteins, fats</a>, <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sm/d4sm00518j">sugars and other components</a>, as well as the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694608000873#sec3">temperature</a> at which the milk was foamed.</p> <p>In cow’s milk, proteins such as casein and whey form <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-41661-4_24#citeas">ball-like structures that easily rearrange to stabilise foam</a>. These proteins help the milk fat and water stay held together, which is why dairy-based barista milks foam easily and the foam lasts longer.</p> <p>Fat plays a more complex role depending on temperature – there’s a sweet spot for a good foam.</p> <p>In cold cow’s milk, the fats are semi-solid and will make the foam collapse by breaking the bubble walls. But when heated above 40°C, these fats melt, spread better throughout the milk and easily interact with proteins to help form and stabilise the bubbles.</p> <p>However, <em>overheating</em> the milk (above 70°C) <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5355583/">cooks and breaks</a> the whey protein balls, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694608000873#sec3">making it harder to create foam</a>.</p> <h2>How barista plant milks work</h2> <p>Plants make vastly different proteins compared to cows. However, the physical shape of proteins found in <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sm/d4sm00518j">soy and oat milks is also ball-like</a>, making them good for foaming just like cow’s milk.</p> <p>That’s generally why you see soy and oat milks used in cafes. Barista versions of plant milks often have added vegetable oils to help mimic the fat–protein interaction in dairy. It’s what makes the milk foam stable and the liquid feel creamy.</p> <p>Some – but not all – barista plant milks will also have thickeners because they <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2024/sm/d4sm00518j">help the foam last longer</a>.</p> <p>Compared to soy and oat, almond milk is naturally low in protein. So almond barista milks will almost always contain gums, starches and emulsifiers along with added vegetable oil.</p> <p>Many plant milks also contain added sugars for flavour, since they lack the natural lactose found in dairy.</p> <h2>Is barista milk worth it?</h2> <p>Many plant-based milk formulations, especially barista ones, contain added gums, manufactured starches and emulsifiers. This qualifies them as “ultra-processed foods”, according to the <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/2A9776922A28F8F757BDA32C3266AC2A">United Nations’ classification system</a>.</p> <p>While the plant-based milk might not be inherently overly harmful, this classification invites reflection on how far these products have moved from their original, natural source.</p> <p>On the environmental side, plant-based milks typically have a <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-023-00400-z">lower impact than cow’s milk</a>. They use less land and water and produce fewer greenhouse gases.</p> <p>Barista milks usually <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-01-08/is-it-worth-spending-more-on-barista-alternative-milk/104692788">cost significantly more</a> than their regular counterpart. This premium reflects the added ingredients and research and development cost of optimising foaming and drinking characteristics.</p> <p>For cafés, the cost is often justified because barista milks produce a more predictable and consistent end product, leading to better customer satisfaction.</p> <p>For home use, it depends on your own level of foaming skill and how much you value a perfect flat white every time.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/258583/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-chua-759559">David Chua</a>, Senior Research Projects Officer, Centre for Community Health and Wellbeing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lauren-ball-14718">Lauren Ball</a>, Professor of Community Health and Wellbeing, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-queensland-805">The University of Queensland</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/whats-the-difference-between-barista-milk-and-regular-milk-its-what-gets-added-to-it-258583">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Pexels / </em><em>Chevanon Photography</em></p> </div>

Food & Wine

Call for life ban after ugly post-Origin incident

<p>NSW utility Connor Watson was nearly <a href="https://www.codesports.com.au/nrl/can-thrown-at-nsw-star-reece-robson/video/80a0dcf962b88497d7ad6a708b743739" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hit by a full can of alcohol</a> in a shocking post-match incident at Accor Stadium, moments after Queensland’s State of Origin win on Wednesday night.</p> <p>The ugly episode unfolded as the Roosters player made his way through the stands to see loved ones after the final whistle, with disturbing footage showing a projectile narrowly missing him as he greeted fans.</p> <p><a href="https://www.codesports.com.au/nrl/can-thrown-at-nsw-star-reece-robson/video/80a0dcf962b88497d7ad6a708b743739" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Captured on video and shared by Code Sports</a>, Watson had been walking up the first tier of seating when the object – reportedly a full can of Canadian Club – was hurled from above.</p> <p>The video shows stadium-goers shouting Watson’s name before the can is thrown. The item lands alarmingly close to him just as he shakes hands with a spectator.</p> <p>Watson later described the moment as “shocking”.</p> <p>“I’ve had to go up there, my family and friends were up there,” Watson told Code Sports. “One of my mates is in a wheelchair, and he can’t come down the stairs, so I have walked up there to go see him.</p> <p>“As I’m walking, a can of Canadian Club lands right next to me and it’s like someone had thrown it at me.</p> <p>“If they did throw it... the words I want to use for it... I can’t say right now.</p> <p>“If it was thrown, it’s disappointing to think someone thinks it’s OK to do that.</p> <p>“If that got me in the head... it seemed like it came from the top level.</p> <p>“These younger guys, came up to me saying they have footage of the incident, of me walking and the can landing right next to me.</p> <p>“It’s disappointing to be honest.</p> <p>“I’m just going up to visit my family and friends, I shouldn’t have to worry about someone throwing a can at me.</p> <p>“If someone has done it, they should do something about it.”</p> <p>Security was later seen responding to the area. A stadium spokesperson confirmed the incident is under review.</p> <p>“Stadium security staff are reviewing CCTV footage and will work with police,” the spokesperson said.</p> <p>The person responsible could face a ban from future events at the venue, and police may launch a formal investigation.</p> <p><em>Images: Code Sports</em></p>

Legal

Why women live longer than men

<p>It turns out the real survival champions of history weren’t the sword-wielding warriors or the swashbuckling adventurers – they were women. Yes, even during famines, plagues and periods of mass human awfulness (see: enslavement and measles), women have been quietly outliving men like it’s just another Tuesday.</p> <p>That’s the conclusion of researchers who dove deep into history’s most miserable moments, including the Irish Potato Famine, enslavement in Trinidad and Icelandic measles outbreaks, only to find that female bodies just won’t quit.</p> <p>According to a study led by demographer Virginia Zarulli, even newborn girls during these crises had better survival rates than their male counterparts. That’s right; baby girls basically stared down famine and disease and said, “Not today”.</p> <p>So, what gives? According to science – and a new CNN-backed book titled <em>The Stronger Sex</em> – the female body is a marvel of survival engineering. Despite monthly bleeding, pregnancy (aka growing a human from scratch) and the general rollercoaster of hormones, women consistently outlive men. It’s like Mother Nature looked at the assignment and went “build to last”.</p> <p>Part of the secret lies in the chromosomes. Women are rocking two X chromosomes (which are loaded with immune-boosting genes) while men are stuck with a lonely Y that brings little to the survival party. According to evolutionary biologist Dr Sharon Moalem, this gives women a sort of immunological superpower. As he put it, “Women have immunologically evolved to out-mutate men.” Translation: their immune systems are like Swiss Army knives. Men's? More like... rusty butter knives.</p> <p>And hormones help too – specifically oestrogen, which acts like a biological bodyguard, boosting immune responses, upping antibody production and improving long-term disease resistance. Meanwhile, testosterone (the male hormone known for encouraging risky behaviour and unnecessary purchases of motorcycles) appears to weaken the immune system. In fact, early animal experiments showed that removing testosterone improved immunity. (No word on whether the animals also started asking for directions.)</p> <p>It gets better. Recent research has found that women’s small intestines are longer – which may not sound sexy, but is biologically brilliant. More intestine means more nutrients absorbed, which means better odds of surviving when calories are scarce. Essentially, women can squeeze more nutritional value out of a potato than a man can out of a steak.</p> <p>Add all that to the fact that women typically engage in fewer risky behaviours (looking at you, lawnmower-beer-balancing stunts), and you’ve got a recipe for a longer life. Even when women adopt some of the same bad habits as men (like smoking) they still tend to outlive them. Because of course they do.</p> <p>To be fair, there is a catch: women’s superhero immune systems can sometimes turn on them, leading to more autoimmune diseases and chronic conditions. But even then, women often live with those conditions longer than men would.</p> <p>So, what’s the takeaway here? For one, the next time someone calls women the “weaker sex”, feel free to laugh out loud. And second, it’s about time medicine caught up. Researchers argue that understanding these biological differences can help create more personalised healthcare – for all genders.</p> <p>In short: female bodies aren’t just built different. They’re built better, tougher and, according to science, longer-lasting; kind of like the biological version of a Toyota Hilux.</p> <p>Move over, Superman. It’s Superwoman who’s still standing.</p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / Chelsi Peter</em></p>

Body

Sleep divorce: could sleeping separately from your partner lead to a better night’s rest?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Hundreds of years ago, it was common for married couples among the European upper classes to have separate bedrooms. Sleeping separately was a <a href="https://www.bedstar.co.uk/sleep-talk/queens-and-kings-separate-beds.html">symbol of luxury and status</a> historically reserved for royalty and the very wealthy.</p> <p>Nowadays, it’s common for married couples and other couples in relationships to sleep in the same bed. But sometimes – for reasons from conflicting schedules to snoring to sleep talking – couples might choose to sleep separately in pursuit of a better night’s sleep.</p> <p>This is known as “sleep divorce”. Though I prefer the term “sleep separation”, as this doesn’t have to be a permanent arrangement – but more on that later.</p> <p>So why might couples choose to sleep separately? And what does the evidence say about the effects on sleep quality if you sleep alone versus with a partner?</p> <h2>Why do couples opt for a sleep separation?</h2> <p>Couples may choose to sleep apart if one partner’s sleep is disturbing the other’s, or both are disrupting one another. This can happen for a variety of reasons.</p> <p>These include waking up frequently in the night, mismatched body clocks (for example, one person coming to bed later than the other), conflicting schedules (for example, shift workers), snoring, twitching legs or sleep talking.</p> <p>Parents with babies and young children may choose to sleep separately to avoid both partners’ sleep being disturbed.</p> <p>Those with conflicting preferences for sleeping environments, such as one partner liking a cool room with a fan and the other preferring warmth, may also decide to sleep apart.</p> <h2>What are the benefits of sleeping alone?</h2> <p>Many couples <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609123/">say they prefer</a> to sleep – and sleep better – next to their partner.</p> <p>But when scientists measure sleep objectively, such as via an electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess brain waves, the data actually shows <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22609123/">poorer sleep quality</a> when co-sleeping. So sleeping alone may, in fact, mean better quality and longer sleep.</p> <p>Research also shows when one member of the couple has a sleep disorder, such as insomnia or <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/obstructive-sleep-apnoea">sleep apnoea</a> (where breathing is frequently interrupted during sleep), these people often inadvertently <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818830/">wake up their partner</a> <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31553049/">when they wake</a> in the night. So sleeping alone could be a good idea if your bed partner has a sleep disorder.</p> <p>What’s more, <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02654075231193449">studies have found</a> <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2644899/">sleep disturbances</a> are linked to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15164910/">reduced relationship satisfaction</a>. So sleeping apart could actually mean happier couples.</p> <p>Finally, anyone who has struggled with their sleep will know anxiety around sleep is common. Many clients I have seen who experience insomnia report sleeping alone can alleviate some of their anxiety because at least they know they won’t disturb, or be disturbed by, their partner.</p> <h2>Are there any downsides to separate sleeping arrangements?</h2> <p>Some people dislike sleeping alone, reporting comfort, and feelings of safety and protection when sleeping alongside their partner – and loneliness when they don’t.</p> <p>Sleeping separately also requires two rooms, or at least two beds. Many couples may not have these options available to them in their home.</p> <p>Sleeping separately is <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-22/couples-on-why-they-love-sleeping-separately/102448812">often stigmatised</a>, with some people seeing it as the death of a couple’s sex life. But while sleeping in separate beds may provide fewer opportunities for sex, this doesn’t necessarily mean the end of intimacy.</p> <p>Sleeping apart could mean some couples actually have more sex. We know better sleep is linked to more <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2644899/">positive feelings about relationships</a>, so it’s possible the desire to be intimate could increase after a good night’s sleep in separate beds. Sleeping apart may even mean some couples have more energy to be intimate.</p> <p>Nonetheless, if you choose to sleep separately from your partner, it’s important to have an open discussion and prioritise opportunities for connection and intimacy. One client I worked with referred to “visiting rights” where her partner came into her bed for a short period before sleep or in the morning.</p> <h2>Who should potentially consider a sleep separation?</h2> <p>You may wish to think about a “sleep separation” if you are disturbing each other’s sleep, have young children, or have different preferences in terms of temperature, light and noise, which are causing issues.</p> <p>Ultimately, if sleeping in the same bed is leading to poor sleep then sleeping apart, if it’s possible, could help.</p> <p>If you can’t sleep separately there may be other ways to reduce disturbance from a partner such as using an eye mask, white noise or earplugs.</p> <p>If you decide to try a sleep separation, remember this can be a flexible arrangement or “re-set” and doesn’t have to be permanent, or every night. Some couples find sleeping separately during the working week but sharing a bed on the weekend works well for them.</p> <p>Lastly, it’s important to talk to your GP about any persistent sleep problems, such as snoring, insomnia, or unusual behaviour during sleep (for example, shouting or walking around), as there may be an underlying sleep disorder which needs treating.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/258085/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alix-mellor-2406858">Alix Mellor</a>, Research Fellow, Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university-1065">Monash University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/sleep-divorce-could-sleeping-separately-from-your-partner-lead-to-a-better-nights-rest-258085">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Pexels / </em><em>Kampus Production</em></p> </div>

Relationships

The Project has been axed – but someone forgot to change the passwords

<p>Move over, NSW Police social media team – there’s a new sheriff in town, and they’re armed with memes, mischief and exactly zero supervision.</p> <p>Despite <em>The Project</em> being officially axed by Network Ten last Friday, the show’s Instagram account has come alive with the kind of unhinged humour usually reserved for group chats and late-night impulse tweets. And the results? Glorious chaos.</p> <p>“The bosses really should have changed the password from Password1,” read the first sign that something was afoot – or at least, afootloose.</p> <p>What followed was a gleeful digital coup. “Well, well, well, look who is in charge now… It’s me! The social media hero (that’s what I call myself),” the mystery admin announced. “So, one question: what should I do with these accounts?”</p> <p>So far, the self-appointed “social media hero” has shared six rogue posts that are funnier than half the comedy on TV right now – and that’s not just our opinion. Former co-host Lisa Wilkinson chimed in with, “I am SO HERE FOR THIS!!” while Rove McManus, part-owner of the show’s production company, added, “I just assumed the news stopped when we did.” Mood.</p> <blockquote class="instagram-media" style="background: #FFF; border: 0; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: 0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width: 540px; min-width: 326px; padding: 0; width: calc(100% - 2px);" data-instgrm-captioned="" data-instgrm-permalink="https://www.instagram.com/p/DLhO6vEzFDv/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" data-instgrm-version="14"> <div style="padding: 16px;"> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 19% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: block; height: 50px; margin: 0 auto 12px; width: 50px;"> </div> <div style="padding-top: 8px;"> <div style="color: #3897f0; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 550; line-height: 18px;">View this post on Instagram</div> </div> <div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"> <div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg);"> </div> </div> <div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style="width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"> </div> <div style="width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;"> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;"> </div> <div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;"> </div> </div> <p style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0 7px; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap;"><a style="color: #c9c8cd; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none;" href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DLhO6vEzFDv/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A post shared by The Project (@theprojecttv)</a></p> </div> </blockquote> <p>Other ex-<em>Project</em> personalities Gorgi Coghlan and Georgia Love offered moral support in the form of popcorn and laughing emojis, which in 2025 might as well be legal tender.</p> <p>But the rogue admin isn’t just here for the nostalgia. They’ve been keeping up with current events – kind of. One post featured a video of a woman being taken out by wild winds during this week’s “bomb cyclone” in NSW.</p> <p>“We have been off air for less than a week, and a woman has been knocked over by a fridge box?” read the caption. “You just can’t make this stuff up.”</p> <p>Honestly? This person deserves their own spin-off show. Or at the very least, a raise – assuming they’re still employed.</p> <p>No word yet from Ten HQ, but we suspect someone in middle management is frantically Googling “how to revoke Instagram access”.</p> <p>Until then, we live, laugh and like.</p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

What is aflatoxin, the toxic chemical behind Coles’ peanut butter recall?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>Coles <a href="https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/food-recalls/recall-alert/coles-supermarkets-peanut-butter-smooth-1kg-and-peanut-butter-crunchy-1kg">is recalling</a> two of its homebrand peanut butter products, over concerns they have been contaminated with aflatoxin, a toxic chemical linked to liver cancer.</p> <p>The supermarket chain <a href="https://www.coles.com.au/help/safety/product-recalls/coles-smooth-and-coles-crunchy-peanut-butter-1kg">has issued the recall notice</a> for Coles Smooth Peanut Butter 1kg and Coles Crunchy Peanut Butter 1kg, with the best before date of February 5 2027. They were sold in supermarkets and online nationally between May 1 and June 30 this year.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">⚠️ Food recall notice⚠️<br />Coles Supermarkets are conducting a recall on Coles Smooth and Coles Crunchy Peanut Butter 1kg with all best before dates 5/2/27. The recall is due to Biotoxin (aflatoxin) contamination. The product has been available at Coles Supermarkets and online. <a href="https://t.co/7eunBttfD3">pic.twitter.com/7eunBttfD3</a></p> <p>— Queensland Health (@qldhealth) <a href="https://twitter.com/qldhealth/status/1939606370791325892?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">June 30, 2025</a></p></blockquote> <p>Aflatoxin can cause injury or illness if eaten, according to Australia’s <a href="https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/food-recalls/recall-alert/coles-supermarkets-peanut-butter-smooth-1kg-and-peanut-butter-crunchy-1kg">food safety authority</a>.</p> <p>But what is aflatoxin? How does it get into food? And what is the risk if you eat it?</p> <h2>What is aflatoxin? Where does it occur?</h2> <p>Aflatoxins are a toxic chemical (a mycotoxin) produced by fungi. The mould-like fungi that produce aflatoxins belong to a large group called <em><a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/mycology/fungal-descriptions-and-antifungal-susceptibility/hyphomycetes-conidial-moulds/aspergillus#aspergillus-flavus-complex">Aspergillus</a></em>.</p> <p>These fungi are found in all environments, for example in soils, compost, building surfaces and on crops and other plants, and can cause infections or poisoning <a href="https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-11/Peanut%20pistachio%20and%20aflatoxins.pdf">in humans and animals</a>.</p> <p><em>Aspergillus flavus</em> and <em>Aspergillus parasiticus</em>, which produce aflatoxins, thrive mainly in agricultural crops but also in soils, rotting food and compost. The fungi emerge as spores and form networks of microscopic filaments that can grow on products such as grains and nuts.</p> <p>As these fungi grow they release a range of chemicals, including aflatoxins, that <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins">can lead to contamination</a> of produce before and after harvest, or after processing.</p> <p>Aflatoxins are some of the <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins">most poisonous types</a> of mycotoxin.</p> <p>Different kinds of aflatoxins <a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/natural-toxins-food/mycotoxins">usually affect</a> contaminated food (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1), crops (G2) and milk (M1).</p> <h2>Which foods are most risky?</h2> <p>Crops produced and stored in warm, humid or moist tropical locations are most at risk, as toxin-producing moulds <a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/natural-toxins-food/mycotoxins">thrive in these conditions</a>.</p> <p>High-risk foods include peanuts, corn and tree nuts (such as brazil, walnut and pistachio nuts). The toxin-producing fungi <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins">can also grow</a> on wheat, rice, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/sorghum-grain">sorghum</a> and spice crops such as turmeric, chilli, ginger and coriander.</p> <p>If animals graze on contaminated crops, their milk and meat can also become contaminated.</p> <p>Internationally, the Joint Food and Agriculture Administration and World Health Organization is responsible for setting guidelines and monitoring standards for mycotoxins via its <a href="https://www.who.int/groups/joint-fao-who-expert-committee-on-food-additives-(jecfa)/about">expert committee on food additives</a>.</p> <p>In Australia, aflatoxin food contamination <a href="https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-11/Peanut%20pistachio%20and%20aflatoxins.pdf">is not common</a>. In the past decade, there have only been <a href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/urdu/en/article/australian-supermarkets-revealed-to-be-selling-dangerous-or-banned-foods/r8z2f4pvf">a handful of recalls</a>.</p> <h2>Why are aflatoxins dangerous?</h2> <p>Aflatoxins can damage your liver and cause cancer.</p> <p>Eating <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins">a lot of contaminated foods</a> over a short period of time can lead to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557781/">aflatoxicosis</a>, acute poisoning that immediately damages the liver. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and convulsions, and may be life-threating.</p> <p>Over <a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/natural-toxins-food/mycotoxins">a long period</a>, smaller amounts of contaminated foods can lead to liver cancer, birth defects, kidney disease and immune system dysfunction.</p> <p>There is <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557781/">no specific treatment</a> for alfatoxins. Management after acute or long-term exposure focuses on addressing symptoms and monitoring liver health.</p> <h2>How can I stay safe?</h2> <p>There is <a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/natural-toxins-food/mycotoxins">not much individuals can do</a> to control the presence of aflatoxin and other mycotoxins in foods, as contamination occurs during agriculture and processing.</p> <p>You should store nuts and nut products in a way that stops mould growing. Use well-sealed containers kept in dry and cool conditions.</p> <p>Freezing and cooking may <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/24/13322">kill the fungi</a>, but the toxin can survive extreme temperatures.</p> <p>Unfortunately, it is difficult to see the fungi with the naked eye. However <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins">you should avoid</a> visibly mouldy foods and throw away nuts and grains that are shrivelled or discoloured.</p> <h2>What should I do if I’ve bought or eaten these products?</h2> <p>Coles <a href="https://www.coles.com.au/help/safety/product-recalls/coles-smooth-and-coles-crunchy-peanut-butter-1kg">has advised</a> customers to return the products to stores and contact its hotline for more information (1800 061 562).</p> <p>If you’re concerned you may have eaten contaminated peanut butter, speak to a health professional.<img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/260194/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/thomas-jeffries-1511629">Thomas Jeffries</a>, Senior Lecturer in Microbiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/western-sydney-university-1092">Western Sydney University</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/charles-oliver-morton-2423921">Charles Oliver Morton</a>, Senior Lecturer in Medical Microbiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/western-sydney-university-1092">Western Sydney University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-aflatoxin-the-toxic-chemical-behind-coles-peanut-butter-recall-260194">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Queensland Government</em></p> </div>

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