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Whether we carve out an exemption or not, Trump’s latest tariffs will still hit Australia

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/scott-french-2254956">Scott French</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p>US President Donald Trump and Prime Minister Anthony Albanese have <a href="https://theconversation.com/trump-agrees-to-consider-australian-exemption-from-tariffs-describing-albanese-as-very-fine-man-248886">stated</a> an exemption for Australia from Trump’s executive order placing 25% tariffs on all steel and aluminium imported into the US is “under consideration”. But prospects remain uncertain.</p> <p>Albanese would do well to secure an exemption using <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/exemptions-are-under-consideration-albanese-reports-warm-chat-with-trump-over-tariffs-20250211-p5lb4r.html">similar arguments</a> as then-Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull did in 2018.</p> <p>If Australia cannot obtain a carve-out from the tariffs, the main group affected will be the Australian producers of steel and aluminium. But the size of the hit they will take is difficult to predict.</p> <p>Regardless of whether Australia gets an exemption, the world economy – and Australians – will be affected by Trump’s latest round of tariffs.</p> <h2>Producers will be hit</h2> <p>If ultimately imposed by the US, these tariffs will make steel and aluminium produced in Australia more expensive for US manufacturers relative to domestically produced alternatives. This will certainly result in reduced demand for the Australian products.</p> <p>However, three factors will help limit the effects:</p> <p><strong>1. The price of metals produced in the US will rise</strong></p> <p>It will take time to ramp up US production to fill the gap of reduced imports, and the extra production will likely come from <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-are-tariffs-243356">less efficient</a> domestic producers. This means that US manufacturers will continue to buy imported metals, despite the higher prices.</p> <p><strong>2. The US is not a huge market for Australian steel and aluminium</strong></p> <p>Australia produced A$113 billion of primary and fabricated metal in the 2022-23 financial year, according to the <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/latest-release">ABS</a>.</p> <p>By comparison, less than $1 billion of steel and aluminium was exported to the US in 2023, according to data <a href="https://comtradeplus.un.org/">from UN Comtrade</a>, consisting of about $500 million of aluminium and less then $400 million of steel. Exports to the US account for about 10% of Australia’s total exports of these metals.</p> <p><strong>3. Major markets</strong></p> <p>If major markets such as China and the European Union enact retaliatory tariffs on US metals, this could make Australian metals more competitive in these markets.</p> <h2>Some stand to benefit</h2> <p>While workers in Australian steel and aluminium plants will be watching the news with trepidation, some of Australia’s biggest manufacturing companies may be less concerned.</p> <p>For example, BlueScope Steel has significant US steel operations, and saw its <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-10/asx-markets-business-news-live-updates-feb-10/104916360">share price increase</a> on news of the tariffs.</p> <p>US-based Alcoa, which owns <a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/trump-tariff-threat-puts-aussie-aluminium-smelters-on-edge/news-story/1bba5321af89fd817a55a4984d98d273">alumina refineries</a> in Western Australia and an aluminium smelter in Victoria, will also expect to see its US operations benefit.</p> <p>And Rio Tinto will be most concerned about its substantial Canadian operations. Its Canadian hub is responsible for close to <a href="https://www.riotinto.com/en/can/canada-operations/saguenay">half of its global aluminium production</a>.</p> <h2>Demand for iron ore could fall</h2> <p>The US tariffs will also have wider ranging effects on the Australian economy, regardless of whether Australia’s products are directly targeted.</p> <p>While aluminium is Australia’s <a href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/trade-and-investment-data-information-and-publications/trade-statistics/trade-in-goods-and-services/australias-trade-goods-and-services-2023">top manufacturing export</a>, it still makes up only about 1% of total exports, and steel makes up <a href="https://comtradeplus.un.org/">less than half that</a>.</p> <p>Iron ore, by contrast, makes up more than 20% of Australia’s exports, with aluminium ores making up an additional 1.5%.</p> <p>This means the effect of the tariffs on demand for the raw materials to make steel and aluminium may have the largest detrimental effect on the Australian economy.</p> <p>Because the tariffs will make steel and aluminium more expensive to US manufacturers, they will seek to reduce their use of them. This means global demand for the metals, and the ores used to produce them, will decline.</p> <p>Investors appear to be betting on this, with shares of Australian miners like <a href="https://www.asx.com.au/markets/company/RIO">Rio Tinto</a> and <a href="https://www.asx.com.au/markets/company/bhp">BHP</a> falling since Trump announced the tariffs.</p> <h2>Imported goods will become more expensive</h2> <p>Many of the things Australians buy are likely to get more expensive.</p> <p>All US products that use steel and aluminium at any stage of the production process will also become more expensive. Tariffs will raise the cost of steel and aluminium for US manufacturers, <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-are-tariffs-243356">both directly and by reducing overall productivity</a> in the US.</p> <p>About <a href="https://comtradeplus.un.org/">11% of Australia’s imports</a> come from the US. And about half of this consists of machinery, vehicles, aircraft, and medical instruments, which typically contain steel and aluminium. Further, these goods are used by manufacturers around the world to produce and transport many of the other things Australians buy.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/249493/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/scott-french-2254956"><em>Scott French</em></a><em>, Senior Lecturer in Economics, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Samuel Corum/CNP/Shutterstock Editorial </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/whether-we-carve-out-an-exemption-or-not-trumps-latest-tariffs-will-still-hit-australia-249493">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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Tourist busted for carving name into world's most famous Roman relic

<p dir="ltr">An Irish tourist has run himself headfirst into trouble in Rome after he was reportedly caught carving his name - and his girlfriend’s - into the Colosseum. </p> <p dir="ltr">It is said that he had been making his carvings, which were six-centimetre-tall initials, with a metal point - possibly his keys - and gouged into a pillar of the 2000-year-old historic monument.</p> <p dir="ltr">The inscription, dedicated to himself and his partner, reportedly read “Ivan+Haley 23”.</p> <p dir="ltr">The Carabinieri police have claimed that the 32-year-old man was caught by private security at the World Heritage Site, and that social media videos of the incident alerted police to the alleged crime. </p> <p dir="ltr">The man has been accused of damaging the historical landmark, the Carabinieri confirmed to <em>CNN</em>, with the act considered to be a crime under Italian law. </p> <p dir="ltr">The Colosseum is one of the seven wonders of the modern world, and also a World Heritage Site, and Italy’s Minister of Culture has called for the tourist to be “identified and sanctioned”.</p> <p dir="ltr">“I consider it very serious, unworthy and a sign of great incivility that a tourist defaces one of the most famous places in the world, the Colosseum, to engrave the name of his fiancée,” he tweeted, along with footage of the incident. “I hope that whoever did this will be identified and sanctioned according to our laws.”</p> <p dir="ltr">He later uploaded another video, accompanied by the scathing caption “Tourist scars the Colosseum.” </p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="it">Reputo gravissimo, indegno e segno di grande inciviltà, che un turista sfregi uno dei luoghi più celebri al mondo, il Colosseo, per incidere il nome della sua fidanzata. Spero che chi ha compiuto questo gesto venga individuato e sanzionato secondo le nostre leggi. <a href="https://t.co/p8Jss1GWuY">pic.twitter.com/p8Jss1GWuY</a></p> <p>— Gennaro Sangiuliano (@g_sangiuliano) <a href="https://twitter.com/g_sangiuliano/status/1673318742057525248?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">June 26, 2023</a></p></blockquote> <p dir="ltr">If the man is convicted, he faces a penalty of at least €2,065 (~$3,370.7) and up to one year in prison, according to <em>CNN</em>. </p> <p dir="ltr">And it isn’t the first time the Colosseum has been defaced by those seeking to carve out their place in history, with a Russian tourist facing a fine of €20,000 for carving the letter “K”. </p> <p dir="ltr">It’s a serious offence in the hearts of many, with archaeologist Federica Rinaldi - who is responsible for the ancient amphitheatre - telling the publication that “the Colosseum, like any monument that represents the history of all of us, must be preserved and handed over to future generations.”</p> <p dir="ltr">“It is a monument that deserves everyone’s respect because it belongs to everyone, and it must remain so,” Rinaldi added.</p> <p dir="ltr">“Carving one’s initials, in addition to being a crime, seems to be a gesture of those who want to appropriate the monument. Better take a selfie!”</p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Images: Twitter</em></p>

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From rock carvings to rock music – the prevalence of bees in art throughout human history

<p>With a looming <a href="https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-world-can-head-looming-biodiversity-crisis">biodiversity crisis</a> and concerns over <a href="https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1194910/icode/">food security and sustainability</a>, bees are frequently making <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/25/the-insect-apocalypse-our-world-will-grind-to-a-halt-without-them">news headlines</a>.</p><p>The importance of bees in our society as pollinators and honey producers appears to have led to their increased popularity in many artistic endeavours, such as film, social media, gaming and contemporary art. </p><p>Is this new fascination with bees a recent phenomenon? In <a href="https://brill.com/view/journals/artp/aop/article-10.1163-22134913-bja10031/article-10.1163-22134913-bja10031.xml">our new study</a>, we explored how bees are represented throughout different cultures, time periods and art mediums. </p><p>Their representation in art would tell us how people at different times perceived bees, which we also found has led to bees being a source of inspiration for different art forms.</p><h2>Bee art throughout time and cultures</h2><p>Bees have been depicted in carvings, jewellery, coins, songs, tools and sculptures for thousands of years. One of the first known depictions of bees is in the form of rock art from 8000 BCE in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuevas_de_la_Ara%C3%B1a">the Spider Caves (Cuevas de la araña) in Spain</a>. It shows a person climbing a ladder to collect honey from a hive.</p><p>We examined the history of bees in culture and art from China, Central America, South America, and Australia. Centuries before the introduction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee">European honeybees</a>, human societies in Central and South America had a close relationship with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingless_bee">native stingless bees (Meliponini)</a>.</p><p>Advanced agricultural societies like the Mayans developed apicultural techniques (The raising and care of bees for commercial or agricultural purposes) and kept native bees in their homes. Some gods in their pantheon were consecrated as protectors of the hives, while others were often represented in postures resembling landing bees in sculptures adorning temples.</p><p>While Chinese art has a long history of representing plants, it was during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty">Tang Dynasty (618-907)</a> that honeybees started to be represented in poetry and painting, when formal beekeeping and the use of bee products in traditional medicine increased. </p><p>Prior to the Tang Dynasty bees were regarded with suspicion due to the capacity of some bees to sting, revealing how a positive aesthetic representation of bees developed with an improved understanding of the value of bees to our <a href="https://brill.com/view/journals/artp/aop/article-10.1163-22134913-bja10031/article-10.1163-22134913-bja10031.xml">environment and well-being</a>.</p><h2>Bee sounds in art culture and music</h2><p>The <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9naKEy1v6Lw">buzzing sounds and signals</a> bees make have intrigued humans for centuries. Indeed, the “drone” music style popularised by the Beatles <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHNbHn3i9S4">Tomorrow Never Knows</a> in name originates from Old English words representing male bees. </p><p>To the ear, ancient instruments like Australia’s First Nations Didgeridoo, Scottish Bagpipes, and India’s Tanpura resemble the rich and mesmerising drone sound of bees, and the ethnic communities of Southwestern China made special bee drums to celebrate cultural links to bees. </p><p>Bee-inspired music and song vary to accommodate the wide variety of experiences and emotions humans attempt to convey. In Britain during the 17th Century, Charles Butler scored the angelic <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2eonteQEps">Melissomelos</a> from his keen observations of bee “voices” and their societal structure. </p><p>In popular music, bees have been called upon to express <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl4HZSzXMKc">human emotions</a>, and explore <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYAJopwEYv8">musical dynamics and mastery</a>. </p><p>Today, co-species collaborations like <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UevWXcSkiNg">“Into”</a> by the music group Be directly employ honeybee sounds to present new ways of making music, while also promoting the plight of the precious providers.</p><h2>Bees and architecture</h2><p>Bees are some of <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00900/full">nature’s best architects</a>. The hexagonal structures in honeybee hives have inspired building design and architecture throughout the world, <a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3034770/a-beehive-for-humans-designed-so-we-can-live-on-mars">as well as futuristic designs for Mars</a>. These bee-inspired buildings are evidenced across time and cultures, and represent different design goals. In some cases, bee inspired architecture forms the most stable and efficient structures. </p><p>Other buildings aim to highlight the importance of bees to humans. For example the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)">New Zealand parliament’s “beehive” building</a> pays homage to the efficiency and cooperation of bees, and the experimental architecture of The Hive, which is a 14 metre aluminium lattice cuboid built to bring attention to <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36542080">honeybee decline</a>. Modern designs such as these reflect the perceived value of living or working like honeybees.</p><h2>Bees in film and video games</h2><p>Bees are increasingly represented in screen culture for both entertainment and environmental messaging like in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Movie">Bee Movie (2007)</a>. In the worldwide gaming phenomenon, Pokémon, the designs of a number of the imaginary creatures are based on bees, like female <a href="https://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Combee_(Pok%C3%A9mon)">Combees</a> that collect resources for their colony.</p><p>Our work reveals bees have long played an important role in human society as pollinators, sources of nutrition as well as artistic inspirations and muses. </p><p>However, as many bee species are not as common as they once were in the environment, there has never been a more important time to understand and communicate about bees.</p><p><em>Image credits: Getty Images</em></p><p><em>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-rock-carvings-to-rock-music-the-prevalence-of-bees-in-art-throughout-human-history-173069" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>. </em></p>

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