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Lizard in your luggage? We’re using artificial intelligence to detect wildlife trafficking

<p>Blue-tongue lizards and sulphur-crested cockatoos are among the native animals <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/apr/04/australia-adds-127-reptiles-to-global-treaty-in-crackdown-on-cruel-and-abhorrent-smuggling" target="_blank" rel="noopener">frequently smuggled</a> overseas.</p> <p>While the number of live animals seized by the Australian Government has <a href="https://taronga.org.au/donate/illegal-wildlife-trade-appeal" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tripled since 2017</a>, the full scale of the problem eludes us as authorities don’t often know where and how wildlife is trafficked. Now, we can add a new technology to Australia’s arsenal against this cruel and inhumane industry.</p> <p><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2022.757950/abstract" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Our research</a> shows the potential for new technology to detect illegal wildlife in luggage or mail. This technology uses artificial intelligence to recognise the shapes of animals when scanned at international frontlines such as airports and mail centres.</p> <p>Exotic species are also smuggled into the country, such as snakes, turtles and fish. This could disrupt Australia’s multi-billion dollar agricultural industries by introducing pests and diseases, and could also threaten fragile native ecosystems.</p> <h2>An animal welfare problem</h2> <p>Wildlife trafficking is driven by several factors, including purported medicinal purposes, animals having ornamental value or for the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.14138" target="_blank" rel="noopener">illegal pet trade</a>.</p> <p>It can have fatal consequences, as it usually involves transporting individual animals in tight or cramped environments. This often results in the animals becoming stressed, dehydrated and dying.</p> <p>Some people have even tried to use <a href="https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/media/pressrel/7859664/upload_binary/7859664.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf#search=%22media/pressrel/7859664%22" target="_blank" rel="noopener">chip packets</a> to smuggle Australian wildlife.</p> <p><a href="https://thenewdaily.com.au/news/crime-news/2021/02/21/lizard-smuggler-sentenced-nsw/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Traffickers often transport several individuals</a> in one go, in the hope one animal makes it alive.</p> <p>We don’t know the complete picture of which animals are being trafficked, how they’re trafficked or even when it’s occurring. But examples from seized cases in Australia suggest traffickers highly prize Aussie reptiles and birds.</p> <p>For example, <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/shingleback-lizard-is-one-of-australias-most-trafficked-animals" target="_blank" rel="noopener">shingleback lizards</a>, a type of blue-tongue lizard, are considered one of Australia’s most trafficked species.</p> <p>Apart from being cruel and inhumane, wildlife trafficking can also facilitate the introduction of <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr18185" target="_blank" rel="noopener">alien species</a> into new environments.</p> <p>This brings significant biosecurity risks. For example, zoonosis (diseases jumping from a non-human animal to a human) involves people handling <a href="https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-live-animals-are-stressed-in-wet-markets-and-stressed-animals-are-more-likely-to-carry-diseases-135479" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stressed, wild animals</a>. Exotic species can also disrupt natural ecosystems, as we’ve famously seen with the damage wrought by cane toads in northern Australia.</p> <p>Unregulated wildlife entering the country may also harbour <a href="https://theconversation.com/to-lock-out-foot-and-mouth-disease-australia-must-help-our-neighbour-countries-bolster-their-biosecurity-188010" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new diseases</a> or destructive <a href="https://theconversation.com/hear-me-out-we-could-use-the-varroa-mite-to-wipe-out-feral-honey-bees-and-help-australias-environment-185959" target="_blank" rel="noopener">parasites</a>. This could damage agricultural industries and potentially raise the prices of our fruit and vegetables.</p> <h2>Creating an trafficking image library</h2> <p>Our new research documents a variety of wildlife species, which have been scanned using state-of-the-art technology to help build computer algorithms using “Real Time Tomography”.</p> <p>Real Time Tomography is an imaging technique that uses a series of x-rays to scan an item (such as a lizard). It then produces a three dimensional image of the animal which, in turn, is used to develop algorithms. For example, mail and luggage can be scanned at the airport and, if wildlife are enclosed, the algorithms will alert operators of their presence.</p> <p>Our study scanned known species of trafficked Australian animals to create an image reference library. A total of 294 scans from 13 species of lizards, birds and fish were used to develop initial wildlife algorithms, with a detection rate of 82%, and a false alarm rate at just 1.6%.</p> <p>This research is the first to document the use of 3D X-ray CT security scan technology for wildlife protection within the peer-reviewed scientific literature. It’s also the first to report results for the detection of reptiles, birds and fish within such scans.</p> <p>The detection tool is designed to complement existing detection measures of Australian Border Force, biosecurity officers and detection dogs, which remain crucial in our fight against wildlife crime.</p> <h2>How else are we stopping wildlife trafficking?</h2> <p>The tools currently helping to detect and restrict wildlife trafficking mainly rely on human detection methods.</p> <p>This includes <a href="https://www.austrac.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-10/AUSTRAC_IWT%20Guide_October%202020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">cyber-crime investigations</a> or Australian Border Force and biosecurity officers manually searching bags. <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/policy/australia/detector-dogs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Biosecurity detector dogs</a> patrolling airports are also useful, as are smartphone reporting apps such as the <a href="https://taronga.org.au/conservation-and-science/act-for-the-wild/wildlife-witness" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wildlife Witness App</a>.</p> <p>Also crucial are efforts to dismantle illegal trade networks at the source. This is by understanding and reducing <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.13578" target="_blank" rel="noopener">consumer demand</a> for wildlife and wildlife products, providing alternate livelihoods for would-be poachers, and enforcing stronger governance and monitoring.</p> <p>Seized animals can be used as evidence to identify traffickers, with previous cases resulting in successful prosecution by environmental investigators. For example, a former rugby league player has been <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/most-serious-offending-ex-nrl-player-jailed-for-animal-smuggling-20191018-p53230.html">jailed for four years</a> after getting caught trying to smuggle a variety of animals in and out of Australia.</p> <h2>Continuing the fight</h2> <p>All these measures help fight wildlife trafficking, but there’s no single solution to predict when and where the events will likely take place.</p> <p>Wildlife traffickers may adapt their behaviours frequently to avoid being detected. As a result, innovative and adaptive solutions, such as our new technology, are vital to support existing detection techniques.</p> <p>Any effort to stamp out this terrible activity is a step in the right direction, and the potential for 3D detection enables us to adapt and evolve with how traffickers may change their behaviours.</p> <p><strong>This article originally appeared on <a href="https://theconversation.com/lizard-in-your-luggage-were-using-artificial-intelligence-to-detect-wildlife-trafficking-189779" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Conversation</a>.</strong></p> <p><em>Image: Phys Org</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Mining magnate scores dreamy island resort

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The buyer of a luxury Queensland resort on Lizard Island has finally been revealed to be mining magnate Andrew ‘Twiggy’ Forrest.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Sitting in the Great Barrier Reef, the island is made up of three land parcels totalling 2000 hectares of land and lies 250 kilometres off the coast of Cairns.</span></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845368/forrest1.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/7c34af85b7fd4b98ae54678b28193dcb" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Delaware North</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Forrest and his wife Nicola purchased the land via their private investment property, but have revealed few details about the transaction.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Last week, vendor SEA group confirmed the deal and revealed the final selling price.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“The buyer has agreed to purchase the property located at Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia at an aggregate consideration of $42 million in cash,” the vendor </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.realestate.com.au/lifestyle/mining-billionaire-snaps-up-queensland-island-resort/" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">said</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in a statement to investors.</span></p> <p><img style="width: 500px; height:281.25px;" src="https://oversixtydev.blob.core.windows.net/media/7845369/forrest2.jpg" alt="" data-udi="umb://media/661a4c450e7b43bcad6013c8453f83ab" /></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Delaware North</span></em></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Delaware North holds the sublease on the island and operates a high-end resort that includes 40 rooms and villas, a restaurant, bar and day spa.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The sale comes after Forrest purchased Olivia Newton-John’s wellness retreat in Byron Bay for a reported $30 million.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Forrest, the former CEO of Fortescue Metals Group, is Australia’s second-richest person and has recently </span><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-10/qld-palaszczuk-andrew-forrest-hydrogen-gladstone/100527670" target="_blank"><span style="font-weight: 400;">revealed plans</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to build the world’s largest facility to produce green energy hydrogen.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, his most recent purchase is subject to approval by the Queensland Government.</span></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image: Getty Images, Delaware North</span></em></p>

Real Estate

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Science gave this rare lizard a name – and it may already be headed for extinction

<p>Bushfires are a threat to most animal species. But for one rare lizard living on a rocky island in the sky, a single blaze could wipe the species off the planet.</p> <p>The Kaputar rock skink (<em>Egernia roomi</em>) is thought to have have one of the smallest ranges of any reptile in New South Wales – at the summit of a single extinct volcano, Mount Kaputar.</p> <p>The existence of this mysterious skink was informally known for decades, and in August last year the species was finally <a href="https://journals.australianmuseum.net.au/sadlier-2019-rec-aust-mus-715-183197/">scientifically described</a>. But months later, it may already be headed for extinction.</p> <p>Late last year, bushfires are thought to have ripped through <a href="https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/bushfire-recovery/priority-animals">more than half</a> the Kaputar rock skink’s habitat. We don’t yet know what this means for its survival, but the outlook is not good.</p> <p><strong>A very special skink</strong></p> <p>The Kaputar rock skink is handsome lizard, typically around 10 centimetres in body length, with dark chocolate brown and grey scales and an orange belly.</p> <p>It’s found in the Nandewar Ranges near Narrabri. The ranges – weathered remnants of ancient volcanic eruptions between 21 and 17 million years ago – rise out of the surrounding plains in a series of breathtaking rock formations.</p> <p>The <a href="https://australianmuseum.net.au/blog/amri-news/kaputar-rock-skink/">Kaputar rock skink</a> lives on one of these outcrops, Mount Kaputar. It exists on a narrow band of rock at the summit, more than 1,300 metres above sea level.</p> <p>This high elevation areas is cooler than the surrounding plains, which suits this cool-adapted species perfectly. But the species’ tiny range means it’s highly vulnerable. When danger strikes, the Kaputar rock skink has nowhere to go.</p> <p><strong>When the fires hit</strong></p> <p>Bushfires tore through the Nandewar Ranges in October and November last year, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-29/giant-pink-slug-mount-kaputar-national-park-survived-bushfire/11911308">reportedly burning</a> more than 17,000 hectares of bush. More than half of Kaputar rock skink habitat is believed to have burned.</p> <p>The expert panel advising the federal government on bushfire recovery has named the skink as one of 119 severely-affected species needing urgent conservation intervention. But the species’ rugged, remote habitat, combined with COVID-19 restrictions, have delayed efforts to assess the extent of the damage.</p> <p>It’s likely that many Kaputar rock skinks died during the fires themselves, although we hope others survived by crawling deep into rock cracks.</p> <p>But after the fires, threats remain. Vegetation loss may make the skinks easy prey, and in a charred landscape, there may be little for the reptiles to eat.</p> <p>History tells us fires do affect high-elevation skinks. For example, fire is thought to have driven the rock-dwelling Guthega skink (<em>Liopholis guthega</em>) to become <a href="https://journalofherpetology.org/doi/abs/10.1670/13-194">locally extinct</a> at some sites on the Bogong High Plains in northeast Victoria.</p> <p><strong>A mountain of threats</strong></p> <p>Species restricted to a small area are vulnerable to any loss of habitat. And fire is not the only threat to the Kaputar rock skink.</p> <p>Climate change is a big concern. While many species respond to increasing temperatures by migrating uphill to cooler climes, that’s not possible for the skink, which is already precariously perched on a summit.</p> <p>Introduced goats may also be <a href="https://journals.australianmuseum.net.au/sadlier-2019-rec-aust-mus-715-183197/">taking a toll</a> as they trample through the rocky terrain.</p> <p><a href="https://media.australianmuseum.net.au/media/dd/documents/1716_complete.f27b407.pdf">Evidence</a> suggests humans are also a disturbance to the Kaputar rock skink’s habitat. The reptiles live close to the edge of cliff lines that are readily accessible by walking tracks. Trampling of low vegetation has been observed at many sites, as have disturbed rocks – the latter possibly from people wanting to find and photograph the species.</p> <p><strong>Where to now?</strong></p> <p>Scientists know relatively little about the Kaputar rock skink. One thing we’re sure of, though, is that the species’ existence is threatened.</p> <p>Surveys are needed at known skink locations, as well as surrounding areas where it might lie undiscovered. Understanding where the species occurs and how it responds to fires, drought and other disturbances is critical to conservation efforts.</p> <p>Of course it’s the middle of winter now, so the skinks may not be very active on their cold mountain top. But my colleagues and I hope to travel to Mount Kaputar soon to survey the skink’s habitat and find out how the species fared.</p> <p>It’s just months since science officially <a href="https://twitter.com/skinks_iucn/status/1168266798757662720">welcomed</a> the Kaputar rock skink to the world. It’s far too early to say goodbye.</p> <p><em>Dane Trembath, an Australian Museum biologist with a focus on reptiles, contributed to this article.</em></p> <p><em>Written by Jodi Rowley. Republished with permission of <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-few-months-ago-science-gave-this-rare-lizard-a-name-and-it-may-already-be-headed-for-extinction-140356">The Conversation.</a> </em></p>

Family & Pets

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Camping is the best way to experience Lizard Island

<p><em><strong>Jenni Ogden, 68, is the author of </strong></em><strong>Fractured Minds</strong><em><strong> and </strong></em><strong>Trouble In Mind</strong><em><strong> and her first novel, </strong></em><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/27037952-a-drop-in-the-ocean" target="_blank">A Drop In The Ocean</a></span></strong><em><strong>, was published in May. She lives on Great Barrier Island in New Zealand.</strong></em></p> <p>Lizard Island. I’d yearned to go there ever since my days as a volunteer turtle tagger on Heron Island on the southern end of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Lying 1,197 kms north of Heron, Lizard had almost mythical status amongst the laid-back turtle research team on Heron. Its remoteness, beauty and fascinating history made up for the fact that our favorite beasts, green turtles, didn’t nest there in great numbers.</p> <p>Over the years I checked it out on the internet; not only was it much harder to get to than Heron or the many other islands we’d stayed on, but the only accommodation Lizard offered was in the boutique hotel, rumoured to be one of the top ten in the world, with prices to match. There was a research station, but my husband and I had moved to New Zealand and had different research interests by then, so staying there wasn’t an option.</p> <p>A few years ago, after retirement from our university careers, we purchased a small apartment north of Cairns, in order to escape our New Zealand winter for a few months every year. To ensure we didn’t become too boring we added camping trips in remote places to our winter activities, and I became an expert online booker of Queensland Parks and Wildlife campsites. And there it was; Lizard Island, a campsite for $10.60 a night for two, ten nights’ maximum stay. How come I’d never heard of this before? Looking at the August 2012 bookings online, there were not a lot of takers for the five sites. Even better.</p> <p>Getting there with our camping equipment and all food for ten days was the first challenge, but for a retired couple who that same winter intended to spend seven weeks driving our 4WD to the tip of Cape York and sleeping in a tent on the ground (“Geez mate, don’t wanna do that. Crocs. Get a roof-top tent.”) it was easy-peasy: Stick the camping stuff and boxes of food and wine on the resort barge a few days in advance, and then fly over in the hotel resort plane, direct from Cairns, making sure to arrive after our supplies. The resort plane cost what 8-seater planes do, but when divided by ten blissful nights costing only $106 for the entire time, it was a done deal.</p> <p>Aha. Second challenge. Getting our 100kgs of camping gear and food from the airstrip to the campground. No help from the boutique hotel. Each return trip of 2.4kms took an hour in the hot sun, much of it through deep soft sand. Eight return trips between us, staunchly ignoring the beckoning turquoise sea. But it was a delightful campsite and just us. Out on the bay ten or more catamarans were anchored; later we discovered these were the Grotty Yachties, the sea-faring versions of the 4WD camping Grey Nomads, babyboomers from the colder southern parts of Australia who took off for the tropics every winter.</p> <p>Challenge number three: We hadn’t brought a stove (weight considerations) because we’d read there was a gas barbeque and had stupidly assumed that it would be functional. Or that if it wasn’t there would be someone around to fix it. Nope. Fires strictly forbidden. Could John build a sneaky fireplace and leave no sign of it should any ranger ever come here again? I couldn’t possibly comment. We did note ample signs that past campers had chosen eating over the no-fire rule.</p> <p>Challenge number four: The pump. Salt-free water on an island in the middle of the Great Barrier Reef can be hard to come by. We had been reliably informed on the Parks’ website that there was a historic pump near the campsite which would supply fresh water. The pump may have been installed by Captain Cook back in 1770 when ‘altogether at a loss, which way to steer’ he stopped by to climb to the highest point, naming the island for the monitor lizards that still roam here like prehistoric beasts. The pump first had to be primed. No instructions of course. We worked out that this could be accomplished by one person pouring water from the large container of salt water beneath it into the top of the pump, while the other pumped for dear life. Pity if you were a sole survivor. It was definitely a two-person operation. After five long minutes and much sweat, a spurt of water shot out of the spout, flushing with it the ghostly white belly and long back legs of a large frog. It clung tenaciously to the spout, its head and front legs still in the pump. After a few more vigorous pumps it plopped into the container below, its back vivid green cut through with a yellow line. It leapt superfrog-like back into the spout of the pump, but I was ready for it. We identified it as a tree frog and I carried it as far away from the pump as I had the energy to walk, depositing it in a tree by the brackish creek. Next day it was back in the pump, this time with a friend. Three days later the pump’s seal completely distintegrated, giving John a new way to exercise – trudging to the resort’s bar set up for the yachties, and trudging back again with two now-full 20 litre water containers in his backpack.</p> <p>But then there was the snorkeling, climbing in Captain Cook’s footsteps to Cook’s Look, drinking G &amp; Ts with the Grotty Yachties every evening when they rowed to the beach for their sundowners, and a highlight for me; explaining to a group of resort guests as they gazed in envy at our pretty camp on the very beach they had to walk to should they wish to snorkel: “It’s $10.60 a night if you desire a more challenging holiday next time!”</p> <p><em>Find more information about camping on Lizard Island <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.nprsr.qld.gov.au/parks/lizard-island/about.html" target="_blank">here</a></strong></span>.</em></p> <p><em>To read more of Jenni’s writing, please visit her <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong><a href="http://www.jenniogden.com/" target="_blank">website here.</a></strong></span></em></p> <p><strong><em>If you have a story to share please get in touch at <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="mailto:melody@oversixty.com.au" target="_blank">melody@oversixty.com.au</a></span>.</em></strong></p> <p><strong>Related links:</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/travel/international/2016/07/10-of-the-best-art-galleries-in-australia/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>10 of the best art galleries in Australia</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/travel/international/2016/07/life-in-the-clouds-a-dream-in-yarra-valley/"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><strong>Life in the clouds a dream in Yarra Valley</strong></em></span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.oversixty.co.nz/travel/international/2016/04/mcg-melbourne-greatest-stadium-in-world/"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Is the MCG the world’s greatest stadium?</span></em></strong></a></p>

International Travel

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Dragon lizard snapped playing a leaf guitar

<p>It looks like the next big rock star could be this dragon lizard.</p><p>Photographer Aditya Permana, who is based in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, was recently exploring the local forest when he came across this dragon lizard.</p><p>After observing him for an hour, Permana was stunned to witness the lizard holding a leaf like a guitar slung across his body.</p><p>“I did not directly photograph the lizard at first, until the lizards feel calm and comfortable around me. I noticed it looked like it was playing a guitar – and it didn’t move at all,” said Permana.</p><p>Unfortunately, the lizard did not begin to start rocking out on his makeshift guitar but it sure does look like it!</p><p><img width="704" height="976" src="http://cdn.earthporm.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/dragon-lizard-playing-leaf-guitar-aditya-permana-indonesia-1.jpg" alt="dragon-lizard-playing-leaf-guitar-aditya-permana-indonesia-1" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-13430" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"></p><p><strong>Related links:&nbsp;</strong></p><p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><a href="/news/news/2015/02/koala-driving-car/" target="_blank"><strong>Schoolboy finds a koala trying to drive a car</strong></a></em></span></p><p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><a href="/news/news/2015/03/baby-chameleons-taronga-zoo/" target="_blank"><strong>More than 20 baby chameleons born at Taronga Zoo</strong></a></em></span></p><p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em><a href="/news/news/2015/03/new-primitive-moth/" target="_blank"><strong>Newly discovered moth is “a living dinosaur”</strong></a></em></span></p>

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