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Tonsils can grow back after they’ve been removed – here’s which other body parts can regenerate

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adam-taylor-283950">Adam Taylor</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/lancaster-university-1176">Lancaster University</a></em></p> <p>The human body is composed of over <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6085824/">37 trillion cells</a>, each with a limited lifespan. These cells are continuously replaced to maintain organ and system function. Yet over time, or as a result of damage, the number of functioning cells can decrease to a level that causes symptoms or even organ failure.</p> <p>Regeneration of organs and systems is a scientific holy grail that relies on <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9973391/">stem cells</a>, but due to their limited number and slow division rate, this isn’t a practical route to organ regeneration. It would take many years to repopulate all the cell types needed.</p> <p>However, some people see organs “reappear”, like <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/02/health/tonsils-regrow-sore-throat/index.html">Katy Golden</a> who had her tonsils removed for a second time as an adult after they grew back over 40 years.</p> <p>One reason that tonsils may grow back is that one of the operations to remove them is a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22431869/">partial tonsillectomy</a>. Only removing part of the tonsils leads to a quicker recovery and fewer complications, but around <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5639321/">6% of children may see regrowth</a>, which may require further surgery in later life.</p> <p>Most people associate organ regrowth and regeneration with the liver. As little as <a href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/cells-maintain-repair-liver-identified">10% of the liver</a> can regrow into a fully functioning liver. This is also how partial liver transplants allow the <a href="https://bmcsurg.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12893-019-0606-5">donor to “regrow”</a> a normal sized and fully functioning liver.</p> <p>One organ that has a surprising capacity to regenerate is the spleen and sometimes it can regenerate without people realising.</p> <p>The spleen is a high-risk organ for injury and is the <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4056798/">most commonly injured organ</a> in blunt abdominal trauma during traffic collisions, sporting injuries or trivial activities such as <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8551460/">bumping into furniture</a>.</p> <p>The spleen is at high risk because it has lots of blood vessels and hence lots of blood, but is only surrounded by a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623879/">thin capsule</a> that can tear in trauma, allowing blood to leak out. This can <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6783166/">result in death</a> if not treated promptly.</p> <p>What may also happen is small pieces of the spleen – sometimes just a few cells – can become free in the abdomen and go on to “grow” where they settle – termed <a href="https://ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.11.7896">splenosis</a>, going on to have <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4762861/">similar functional activity</a> to a mature, normally located spleen. This can be beneficial for those who have to have their spleen removed due to traumatic injury, with some reports suggesting regeneration in up to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2603609/">66% of patients</a>.</p> <p>In the last few years, our lungs have also been shown to have regenerative capacity. It is well known that smoking and other pollutants <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53021/">destroy the alveoli</a> (tiny air sacs) where oxygen is passed to the blood. Stopping smoking has been shown to allow cells that have avoided damage from the cancer-causing chemicals in tobacco smoke to help <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-1961-1">regenerate and repopulate</a> the lining of parts of the airways with healthy cells.</p> <p>Where a lung has been removed, the remaining lung has to adapt to support the tissues of the body and ensure enough oxygen gets to them. Studies have shown that the remaining lung <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22808959/">increases the number of alveoli</a> it has, rather than the remaining alveoli compensating by getting bigger to take up more oxygen.</p> <p>It isn’t just organs inside that regenerate. One organ that constantly does so on a humongous scale is the skin.</p> <p>As the largest organ, it has multiple barrier functions to keep things such as <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4529263/">water in</a> and <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6283644/">germs out</a>. With a <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378517322004057">surface area of almost 2m²</a>, the skin requires a significant amount of regeneration to replenish the 500,000,000 cells that are lost each day – that’s over <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15541634/">2g of skin cells per day</a>.</p> <h2>Tissue regeneration is much more common</h2> <p>One of the most active regenerative tissues is the endometrial lining of the uterus which is shed every 28 days as part of the menstrual cycle and goes through about <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10308170/">450 cycles</a> of this during a woman’s life.</p> <p>This layer varies between <a href="https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.2017170008">0.5 and 18mm in thickness</a> depending on the stage of the menstrual cycle, the <a href="https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00031.2019">functional cells</a> that are lost along with the blood from vessels that support a fertilised egg if it implants.</p> <p>Men’s genitalia can also show regeneration. <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/contraception/methods-of-contraception/vasectomy-male-sterilisation/what-is-it/">Vasectomy</a>, which removes a piece of the tube (<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vas-deferens">vas deferens</a>) connecting the testes to the openings in the urethra, is used to reduce the chance of pregnancy by preventing sperm moving from the testes out of the penis.</p> <p>However, the cut ends of the ducts have shown regenerative capacity and reconnected. Some sections, where <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/article-abstract/536907">up to 5cm</a> has been restricted or removed, have shown regeneration, even through <a href="https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2490-6-25">scar tissue</a>. This “recanalisation” can result in unexpected pregnancies.</p> <p>Bone is another tissue that can regenerate. If you’ve ever broken a bone, you’ll know that it repairs so that (eventually) you will regain function.</p> <p>This process of repairing the break takes six to eight weeks. But the process of regenerating the bone architecture and strength <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5365304/">continues for months and years</a> beyond this date.</p> <p>However, with <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6667184/">increasing age</a> and in <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5643776/">post-menopausal woman</a>, this process slows and the bone may not regenerate to its <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6667184/">previous strength</a> or <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15763602/">structure</a>.</p> <p>Where paired organs exist and one is lost, there is good evidence that the remaining organ can increase its functional ability to help the body cope with maintaining function. For example, when one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney <a href="https://www.kidneyregistry.com/for-donors/kidney-donation-blog/what-changes-after-kidney-donation/">enlarges</a> to handle the extra workload, filtering blood and eliminating waste efficiently.</p> <p>Although organ regeneration is rare, it does happen and typically takes years to manifest because organs are complex structures. Work continues to try to understand how scientists can develop this knowledge to help with the shortage of donor organs. Thankfully, tissue regeneration happens much more often than many people might suppose, and it is a much-needed part of staying alive.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. 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More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/adam-taylor-283950"><em>Adam Taylor</em></a><em>, Professor and Director of the Clinical Anatomy Learning Centre, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/lancaster-university-1176">Lancaster University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/tonsils-can-grow-back-after-theyve-been-removed-heres-which-other-body-parts-can-regenerate-246653">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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What you didn’t know: Why can some organs regenerate while others can’t?

<p><strong>What are cells?</strong></p> <p>As you may know, the body is made of cells. We sometimes call these cells “the building blocks of life”. Nature builds all the parts of our bodies with cells.</p> <p>In other words, you might have played with Lego before. Cells are like pieces of Lego! Just like Lego blocks do, cells come in lots of shapes and colours. Cells can also do lots of different things.</p> <p>Your skin is made of different cells. Some of them make your hair, and some make your scars when you get a cut, for example.</p> <p>Even your blood is made of many different cells. The red blood cells give your blood its red colour.</p> <p>So going back to your question, some cells in our body are very special because they can multiply. Not only that, these special cells can turn into other cells as well. The name of these special cells is “stem cells”, and they are the key to our organs regenerating.</p> <p>Imagine if your Lego blocks could do that!</p> <p><strong>Which organs can regenerate themselves?</strong></p> <p>Maggie, you’re very clever at nine to know what “regeneration” means, but in case some other young readers don’t, regeneration is when our organs fix themselves after they’ve been damaged. Our organs might have been damaged if we get injured or we’re very sick.</p> <p>Organs like our skin (yes, the skin is the biggest organ of the body!) need to regenerate often. The skin’s stem cells produce new cells when the old ones are lost, like when we get a paper cut.</p> <p>Our livers are very good at regenerating themselves because they too can make new cells. The cells of the liver are called “hepatocytes”. Hepatocytes start to multiply when the liver is damaged. So hepatocytes work like stem cells.</p> <p>Intestines are another good example of an organ which regenerates itself. Our intestines regenerate all the time, even when we’re healthy. They lose cells when we digest food, but the stem cells in the intestines multiply to keep this important organ working well.</p> <p><strong>Which organs aren’t very good at regenerating?</strong></p> <p>The brain actually can’t regenerate itself well because when the brain is damaged its cells find it harder to make new ones. This is because the brain has very few of the special cells, or stem cells.</p> <p>In recent years, we’ve found some areas of the brain can regenerate. But we still need to do more research to better understand how this works.</p> <p>We do know the brain is better at regenerating itself when we are young than when we are old.</p> <p><em>Written by Jose Polo. Republished with permission of </em><a href="https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-why-can-some-organs-regenerate-while-others-cant-128217"><em>The Conversation.</em></a></p>

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