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Refinancing your home later in life – what you need to know

<p>There are many reasons why you may look to refinance your home. The obvious one is to lower mortgage repayments with a better rate. However, other reasons people refinance later in life include:</p> <ul> <li>unlocking equity to invest</li> <li>paying down other debts</li> <li>buying a holiday home</li> <li>funding extended travel</li> <li>launching a new business</li> <li>supporting children with a property deposit</li> </ul> <p>Regardless of why you want to refinance, the points below will help you navigate your options.</p> <p><strong>Changing lenders</strong></p> <p>It may have been a while since you last revisited your mortgage, meaning you may not be aware of current lending options and traps.</p> <p>A common trick lenders use is the so-called “headline rate” to grab your attention. However, this interest rate is typically not what you end up paying. It may only be an introductory rate for the first few months, or hefty fees attached may wipe out any savings.</p> <p>Banks aren’t the only ones offering loans nowadays. Registered non-bank lenders, fintechs and online lenders can refinance your mortgage and provide other credit services the same as any bank; they just don’t take cash deposits. Alternatively, you could explore credit unions and mutual societies.</p> <p>Also consider any shareholder benefits you may have. Most banks have done away with them now but may still honour pre-existing ones. If you change lenders, you could lose this entitlement – permanently.</p> <p><strong>Reverse mortgages</strong></p> <p>Generally, only available to people aged 60-plus, a reverse mortgage effectively allows you to unlock equity in your home without you needing to make immediate repayments.</p> <p>However, they often have strict conditions including:</p> <ul> <li>minimum borrowing amounts</li> <li>maximum borrowing ratios</li> <li>higher interest rates than standard mortgages</li> </ul> <p>Crucially, the interest accrues over time and is repaid when you sell, move or pass away. As such, your debt liability grows over time – potentially impacting your future living arrangements and how much is left for beneficiaries in your will.  The Govt has the “loan equity scheme” as another option to lenders.  I just want to highlight the need to be careful with reverse mortgages.</p> <p><strong>Changing homes</strong></p> <p>Rather than selling, downsizing could involve making an investment property your primary residence and then renting out your existing home.</p> <p>This approach may require you to refinance both loans simultaneously. There will also be tax considerations to work through – including Capital Gains Tax liabilities when you do sell, negative gearing, depreciation, and changes to your income tax.</p> <p>Then there are the lifestyle factors to weigh up, especially if you are moving to a different area:</p> <ul> <li>living expenses</li> <li>insurance and travel costs</li> <li>access to healthcare</li> <li>rental income</li> <li>property management expenses</li> </ul> <p>Remember that if you have a Self Managed Super Fund (SMSF), it CANNOT own any property that you directly use yourself, including your home.</p> <p><strong>Becoming Bank of Mum and Dad</strong></p> <p>Refinancing can unlock equity to support adult children with their first property deposit. However, it isn’t without its risks.</p> <p>Ask yourself honestly:</p> <ul> <li>Will this be a gift or loan?</li> <li>If a loan, under what terms? Will interest be applied? How and when will repayments be made? What if they default?</li> <li>What happens if their relationship breaks down, will you get your money back?</li> <li>How does going without that money affect your retirement?</li> <li>Do you have alternative assets to support you if your circumstances change?</li> <li>How does this affect inheritances or deposit contributions to your other children?</li> <li>Can you assist them another way without using your home equity?</li> </ul> <p>Draw up a written agreement outlining all conditions and scenarios to avoid disagreements in the future.</p> <p><strong>Pension impacts</strong></p> <p>Don’t overlook how refinancing your home could impact your pension. While your home is exempt from the means test, any income or assets you generate from unlocking equity is not.</p> <p>You could inadvertently see your pension amount reduced or your eligibility voided altogether. This would come as a nasty shock if you haven’t pre-budgeted for such a change!</p> <p><strong>Getting advice</strong></p> <p>To ensure you get the best bang for your buck when refinancing, be sure to enlist the help of a good:</p> <ul> <li>mortgage broker to source the best loans for your circumstances</li> <li>insurance broker to ensure your cover is right sized for your needs, risk and budget</li> <li>accountant to work through any tax implications</li> <li>estate planner to manage any changes</li> <li>financial adviser to keep your investments and financial strategy working for you</li> </ul> <p>Ultimately, decisions – including about refinancing – are only as good the information you have at hand. So, make sure you have all the relevant facts before signing on the dotted line.</p> <p><em><span style="line-height: 18.4px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: #242424;">Helen Baker is a licensed Australian financial adviser and author of the new book, Money For Life: How to build financial security from firm foundations (Major Street Publishing $32.99). Helen is among the 1% of financial planners who hold a master’s degree in the field. Proceeds from book sales are donated to charities supporting disadvantaged women and children. Find out more at </span><a style="color: #467886;" title="http://www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au/" href="http://www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au/"><span style="line-height: 18.4px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">www.onyourowntwofeet.com.au</span></a></em></p> <p><em><span style="line-height: 18.4px; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: #242424;">Disclaimer: The information in this article is of a general nature only and does not constitute personal financial or product advice. Any opinions or views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent those of people, institutions or organisations the owner may be associated with in a professional or personal capacity unless explicitly stated. Helen Baker is an authorised representative of BPW Partners Pty Ltd AFSL 548754.</span></em></p>

Money & Banking

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How long will you live? New evidence says it’s much more about your choices than your genes

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>One of the most enduring questions humans have is how long we’re going to live. With this comes the question of how much of our lifespan is shaped by our environment and choices, and how much is predetermined by our genes.</p> <p>A study recently published in the prestigious journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03483-9">Nature Medicine</a> has attempted for the first time to quantify the relative contributions of our environment and lifestyle versus our genetics in how we age and how long we live.</p> <p>The findings were striking, suggesting our environment and lifestyle play a much greater role than our genes in determining our longevity.</p> <h2>What the researchers did</h2> <p>This study used data from the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/">UK Biobank</a>, a large database in the United Kingdom that contains in-depth health and lifestyle data from roughly 500,000 people. The data available include genetic information, medical records, imaging and information about lifestyle.</p> <p>A separate part of the study used data from a subset of more than 45,000 participants whose blood samples underwent something called “<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41576-022-00511-7">proteomic profiling</a>”.</p> <p>Proteomic profiling is a relatively new technique that looks at how proteins in the body change over time to identify a person’s age at a molecular level. By using this method researchers were able to estimate how quickly an individual’s body was actually ageing. This is called their biological age, as opposed to their chronological age (or years lived).</p> <p>The researchers assessed 164 environmental exposures as well as participants’ genetic markers for disease. Environmental exposures included lifestyle choices (for example, smoking, physical activity), social factors (for example, living conditions, household income, employment status) and early life factors, such as body weight in childhood.</p> <p>They then looked for associations between genetics and environment and 22 major age-related diseases (such as coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes), mortality and biological ageing (as determined by the proteomic profiling).</p> <p>These analyses allowed the researchers to estimate the relative contributions of environmental factors and genetics to ageing and dying prematurely.</p> <h2>What did they find?</h2> <p>When it came to disease-related mortality, as we would expect, age and sex explained a significant amount (about half) of the variation in how long people lived. The key finding, however, was environmental factors collectively accounted for around 17% of the variation in lifespan, while genetic factors contributed less than 2%.</p> <p>This finding comes down very clearly on the nurture side in the “nature versus nurture” debate. It suggests environmental factors influence health and longevity to a far greater extent than genetics.</p> <p>Not unexpectedly, the study showed a different mix of environmental and genetic influences for different diseases. Environmental factors had the greatest impact on lung, heart and liver disease, while genetics played the biggest role in determining a person’s risk of breast, ovarian and prostate cancers, and dementia.</p> <p>The environmental factors that had the most influence on earlier death and biological ageing included smoking, socioeconomic status, physical activity levels and living conditions.</p> <p>Interestingly, being taller at age ten was found to be associated with a shorter lifespan. Although this may seem surprising, and the reasons are not entirely clear, this aligns with <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140509110756.htm">previous research</a> finding taller people are more likely to die earlier.</p> <p>Carrying more weight at age ten and maternal smoking (if your mother smoked in late pregnancy or when you were a newborn) were also found to shorten lifespan.</p> <p>Probably the most surprising finding in this study was a lack of association between diet and markers of biological ageing, as determined by the proteomic profiling. This flies in the face of the extensive body of evidence showing the crucial role of <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-023-00868-w">dietary patterns</a> in chronic disease risk and longevity.</p> <p>But there are a number of plausible explanations for this. The first could be a lack of statistical power in the part of the study looking at biological ageing. That is, the number of people studied may have been too small to allow the researchers to see the true impact of diet on ageing.</p> <p>Second, the dietary data in this study, which was self-reported and only measured at one time point, is likely to have been of relatively poor quality, limiting the researchers’ ability to see associations. And third, as the relationship between diet and longevity is likely to be complex, disentangling dietary effects from other lifestyle factors may be difficult.</p> <p>So despite this finding, it’s still safe to say the food we eat is one of the most important pillars of health and longevity.</p> <h2>What other limitations do we need to consider?</h2> <p>Key exposures (such as diet) in this study were only measured at a single point in time, and not tracked over time, introducing potential errors into the results.</p> <p>Also, as this was an observational study, we can’t assume associations found represent causal relationships. For example, just because living with a partner correlated with a longer lifespan, it doesn’t mean this caused a person to live longer. There may be other factors which explain this association.</p> <p>Finally, it’s possible this study may have underestimated the role of genetics in longevity. It’s important to recognise genetics and environment don’t operate in isolation. Rather, health outcomes are shaped by their interplay, and this study may not have fully captured the complexity of these interactions.</p> <h2>The future is (largely) in your hands</h2> <p>It’s worth noting there were a number of factors such as household income, home ownership and employment status associated with diseases of ageing in this study that are not necessarily within a person’s control. This highlights the crucial role of addressing the social determinants of health to ensure everyone has the best possible chance of living a long and healthy life.</p> <p>At the same time, the results offer an empowering message that longevity is largely shaped by the choices we make. This is great news, unless you have good genes and were hoping they would do the heavy lifting.</p> <p>Ultimately, the results of this study reinforce the notion that while we may inherit certain genetic risks, how we eat, move and engage with the world seems to be more important in determining how healthy we are and how long we live.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/251054/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hassan-vally-202904"><em>Hassan Vally</em></a><em>, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-long-will-you-live-new-evidence-says-its-much-more-about-your-choices-than-your-genes-251054">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p> </div>

Caring

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Farewell, Your Majesty: Major change coming to Aussie fiver

<p>The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has announced a new theme for the Aussie fiver, designed to honour the “enduring emotional, spiritual and physical connection of First Nations peoples to Country”. </p> <p>“This inspiring theme will guide the creation of an artwork that will feature on the redesigned banknote,” said Michelle McPhee, RBA’s Assistant Governor of Business Services. The selection of this theme followed an extensive national campaign, receiving over 2,100 theme nominations from the public.</p> <p>For the first time since 1992, the $5 note will not feature the late Queen Elizabeth II, who had appeared on the denomination for more than 30 years. Breaking with tradition, the RBA confirmed that the redesigned note would not bear a portrait of any monarch, meaning King Charles will also be absent from the new design. However, the reverse side of the note will continue to depict the Australian Parliament building.</p> <p>Since the 1960s, the $5 banknote has undergone four major redesigns, with the most recent update in 2016. When Queen Elizabeth II’s portrait was first introduced in 1992, it replaced humanitarian Caroline Chisholm, a decision that was met with criticism at the time. The RBA defended its choice, citing Australia’s status as a constitutional monarchy and the tradition of including the reigning monarch on at least one banknote.</p> <p>The new banknote is expected to take several years to be designed, printed and circulated. The process of selecting an artist for the design is currently underway, with more details to be revealed in the coming months. The development of the note will also involve incorporating advanced security features to prevent counterfeiting.</p> <p>While the new design is in progress, the existing $5 note will continue to be issued. Meanwhile, Australian coins, which are produced by the Royal Australian Mint, will maintain the tradition of featuring the monarch.</p> <p><em>Images: RBA</em></p>

Money & Banking

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An artificial heart may save your life. But it can also change you in surprising ways

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p>This week, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/mar/12/australian-man-survives-100-days-with-artificial-heart-in-world-first-success">doctors announced</a> that an Australian man with severe heart failure had left hospital with an artificial heart that had kept him alive until he could receive a donor heart.</p> <p>The patient, a man from New South Wales in his 40s, was not the world’s first person to receive this type of artificial heart. However, he is <a href="https://www.svhs.org.au/newsroom/news/australia-first-total-artificial-heart-implant">said to be</a> the <a href="https://www.monash.edu/news/articles/australias-first-durable-total-artificial-heart-implant-announced-as-a-success">first with one to be discharged from hospital</a> to wait for a heart transplant, which he’s since had.</p> <blockquote class="twitter-tweet"> <p dir="ltr" lang="en">WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT<br />This machine has enabled an Australian man with severe heart failure to be the first person in the world to leave hospital with an artificial heart transplant <a href="https://t.co/6S12mINwBm">pic.twitter.com/6S12mINwBm</a></p> <p>— Reuters (@Reuters) <a href="https://twitter.com/Reuters/status/1899862954155126824?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">March 12, 2025</a></p></blockquote> <p>I am a philosopher and bioethicist. I <a href="https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/thesis/Phenomenology_and_Artificial_Hearts/22312204">completed my PhD</a> on artificial hearts – particularly how these implants can change people’s lives in profound ways.</p> <p>Here’s what patients and their families need to consider.</p> <h2>What is an artificial heart?</h2> <p>Artificial hearts began to be developed in the 1960s, sponsored by the United States government and funded in a similar way to space and military programs.</p> <p>In 1982, a man named <a href="https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/hero-or-victim-the-25th-anniversary-of-barney-clar">Barney Clark</a> received the Jarvik-7 total artificial heart. Doctors removed his failing biological heart and replaced it with a plastic and metal device to circulate blood to his lungs and around his body. He lived for 112 days before dying from multi-organ failure. He never left hospital.</p> <p>In the 1980s and 1990s, medical device companies began to develop alternatives to total artificial hearts. These partial artificial hearts, known as ventricular assist devices, help out a biological heart by supplementing or replacing one of its two pumping chambers.</p> <p>These are more straightforward and versatile than total artificial hearts, and can be used for earlier stages of heart failure.</p> <p>Not all artificial hearts generate a pulse.</p> <p>Artificial hearts with a pulse generally mimic the biological heart. They pump blood in the same way the heart beats, by filling with blood and squeezing to circulate blood in waves or pulses.</p> <p>But some devices continuously push blood around the body instead of pulsing. So with these continuous-flow devices neither the patient nor their health team can <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11906-017-0782-6">detect a pulse</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003497524008749">In the US between 2014 and 2024</a>, almost 30,000 patients received continuous-flow ventricular assist devices. In the same period, more than 310 total artificial hearts were implanted.</p> <p>The total artificial hearts <a href="https://www.syncardia.com/syncardia-total-artificial-heart-stah.html">commercially</a> <a href="https://www.carmatsa.com/en/our_product/">available</a> today are licensed exclusively as bridging therapies – to keep people alive until a donor heart becomes available – rather than permanent implants.</p> <h2>How about the device making news this week?</h2> <p>The device in the news – the <a href="https://www.monash.edu/news/articles/australias-first-durable-total-artificial-heart-implant-announced-as-a-success">BiVACOR Total Artificial Heart</a> – was developed by a US-Australian collaboration. This device is innovative, mainly because it is the first continuous-flow device designed to replace the whole heart. Designers are also aiming for it to be the first total artificial heart suitable as a permanent transplant (known as destination therapy).</p> <p>A reliable, durable and responsive total artificial heart is, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-03-12/sydney-hospital-artificial-heart-implant-operation-success/105036154">in the words</a> of Paul Jansz, the surgeon who implanted the device, “the Holy Grail”.</p> <p>The BiVACOR’s clinical success so far gives us reason to be optimistic about an alternative to scarce donor hearts for responding to severe heart failure.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;rect=12%2C12%2C8231%2C5475&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;rect=12%2C12%2C8231%2C5475&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=400&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/655013/original/file-20250313-56-4w24qy.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=503&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="Hand holding the BiVACOR artificial heart" /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">This device is designed to replace the whole heart, and for now, is licensed as a temporary implant, ahead of a heart transplant.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">BiVACOR TIQ</span></span></figcaption></figure> <h2>Transplants can change lives</h2> <p>However, patients do not just resume their old lives when they leave hospital with an artificial heart.</p> <p>While the pumping component is inside their chest, there are also <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/BHW0ATvgFDu/?hl=en">external components</a> to manage and monitor. A thick tube perforates their abdomen and connects to an external controller unit and power supply, which the patient carries around in a bag. Controllers must be closely monitored, and batteries must be regularly recharged.</p> <p>My research showed that even a perfectly safe and reliable total artificial heart could transform patients’ lives in at least three major areas.</p> <p><strong>1. Is it part of me? Do I trust it?</strong></p> <p>Patients must <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/09638288.2020.1717648">trust, tolerate and receive sensory feedback about how the device is working</a> for it to feel like part of them. In the case of an artificial heart, this might mean the device feels responsive to exercise and the body’s needs.</p> <p>But it may be difficult for artificial hearts to meet these criteria, especially for devices that do not generate a pulse.</p> <p>Patients may also question whether their heart is located in their body, or in the controller unit. They may wonder if they even have a heart, particularly if they can’t feel a pulse.</p> <p><strong>2. Beeps and alarms</strong></p> <p>An artificial heart also changes how patients live their lives and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11097-024-10050-7">navigate the world</a>.</p> <p>Interruptions from <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732317700853">loud device alarms</a> distract patients from their normal activities. And patients must switch between mains power and batteries when they <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0147956311002718">wake in the night and need to visit the toilet</a>.</p> <p><strong>3. Marking time</strong></p> <p>Our hearts may be our <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurorobotics/articles/10.3389/fnbot.2014.00015/full">natural</a> <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301051111000032">metronomes</a>, marking time. So removing someone’s heart rhythm can confuse their sense of time.</p> <p>The need for batteries to be recharged periodically can also reshape patients’ days.</p> <p>Waiting around for a transplant heart, or the latest software update, may change patients’ perspectives on what months and years feel like.</p> <h2>We need to give patients the whole picture</h2> <p>Artificial hearts are remarkable devices with great promise. But patients and families also deserve to know how these extraordinary treatments might change how they feel about themselves and the world.</p> <p>They need to know this before they sign up for them. Artificial hearts don’t just save lives – they also change them.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/252165/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/pat-mcconville-2344684">Pat McConville</a>, Lecturer in Ethics, Law, and Professionalism, School of Medicine, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/deakin-university-757">Deakin University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/an-artificial-heart-may-save-your-life-but-it-can-also-change-you-in-surprising-ways-252165">original article</a>.</em></p> <p><em>Image: Shutterstock</em></p> </div>

Body

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"Get under your desks!": Incredible moment tornado strikes TV studio during live broadcast

<p>Dramatic footage captured the moment an EF-2 tornado slammed into the FOX 35 television studio in Lake Mary, Florida, on Monday morning. The on-air meteorologist, Brooks Garner, swiftly ordered his colleagues to take cover as the storm bore down on them in real time.</p> <p>Garner, a seasoned meteorologist for FOX 35, remained remarkably composed as the tornado, with winds reaching up to 200km/h, moved directly toward the station. The storm was first spotted on the studio’s outdoor camera, showing it charging across Interstate 4 before closing in on the journalists inside.</p> <p>Once the wind and heavy rain obscured visibility, leaving only swirling debris on the cameras, Garner issued an urgent warning.</p> <p>“We got debris? Okay. Take shelter! Everybody in the FOX 35 building, get to your safe space. Under your desk if you’re not in a designated area. We’re catching debris right now on the roof,” he said during the live broadcast.</p> <p>As debris pounded the building, Garner repeated his instructions with greater urgency. “Seek shelter immediately! Get under your desks, guys, anchors. Under the desks. Producers, everybody get under the desks.”</p> <p>After the storm passed, Garner quickly shifted his focus back to the safety of viewers still in its path.</p> <p>“Get to the ground level, an interior room, away from the windows,” he urged. “This is a very serious situation. This is a real, live tornado. It just hit our station.”</p> <p>According to the National Weather Service (NWS), the tornado formed at 9:35am. near the southeastern edge of Wekiwa Springs State Park. The twister carved a destructive path through residential areas in Longwood, damaging homes, shattering windows and tearing off roofs.</p> <p>Officials later confirmed that at least one home collapsed. Additionally, a semi-truck was overturned with its driver and his dog inside. Fortunately, no fatalities were reported, though the region suffered widespread power outages and fallen trees. Even inside the fortified FOX 35 building, lights flickered as the tornado struck.</p> <p>Emergency crews have since been deployed to assess the damage and assist affected residents. Authorities urge locals to remain alert, as severe weather conditions persist in the area.</p> <p><em>Image: FOX 35</em></p>

Travel Trouble

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Aussie Olympian air-lifted to Greece after horror crash

<p>Australian Winter Olympian Belle Brockhoff is recovering in a Greek hospital following a serious crash at a Snowboard Cross World Cup event in Eastern Europe. The 32-year-old world champion sustained a significant injury during her final race of the program on Saturday, crashing at high speed and landing on her coccyx.</p> <p>Brockhoff was immediately airlifted to a hospital in Tbilisi, Georgia, where scans revealed a fracture in her L1 vertebrae. While she was cleared of neurological damage, the severity of her injury required an emergency evacuation to Athens for surgery.</p> <p>Her partner, Georgia, quickly boarded a flight to be by her side, while an Olympic Winter Institute of Australia (OWIA) medical staffer has been assisting her throughout the ordeal. Brockhoff is expected to remain in hospital for up to two weeks before being cleared to return home to Australia.</p> <p>OWIA chief Geoff Lipshut assured that Brockhoff is receiving the best medical care possible. "Currently, our medical team is working with emergency service personnel and the hospital in Greece to ensure that Belle receives the best care possible," Lipshut said. "We will reassess options together with Belle following surgery over the next 48 hours."</p> <p>Despite the setback, Brockhoff remains in good spirits. Lipshut expressed relief that her partner could join her in Greece to provide additional support.</p> <p>The injury comes as another blow to Brockhoff, who recently recovered from what her surgeon described as "the worst" broken wrist he had ever seen. With just 11 months remaining until the 2026 Winter Olympics in Italy, her latest setback could not have come at a worse time.</p> <p>Brockhoff has a history of pushing through injuries in pursuit of Olympic success. She competed at the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics with her knee heavily taped and braced after undergoing ACL removal surgery. More recently, she sought redemption after a heartbreaking fourth-place finish in the women’s snowboard cross final at the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. Frustrated by her near-miss, she bluntly described her result as “the loser” and expressed disappointment at missing the podium.</p> <p>Her Beijing campaign ended dramatically when she crashed out of the mixed team event, lying motionless on the course before being stretchered off by medics. Now, she faces yet another uphill battle in her journey back to competition.</p> <p><em>Images: Instagram</em></p>

Caring

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Your 2025 Oscars wrap!

<div class="theconversation-article-body">In a year with few surprises in the awards categories, there was also a dearth of surprises on the red carpet. The sartorial themes included sparkling metallics, coloured menswear and bows, bows and more bows.</p> <p>Metallic gowns that resemble the Oscar statue are a familiar sight at the Academy Awards and this year was no different. Some of the standouts included best actress nominee Demi Moore in a magnificently glittering silver Armani Privé gown, Selena Gomez in custom Ralph Lauren encrusted with 16,000 individual blush-toned jewel teardrops, and Emma Stone in a minimalist Louis Vuitton sheath covered in iridescent fish scales.</p> <p>In the menswear category, tuxedos reign supreme. This year was notable only for the diversity of colours in which these suits came.</p> <p>Best actor nominee Timothée Chalamet lived up to his reputation for monochrome, richly hued ensembles in a custom butter yellow leather suit by Givenchy, paired with a matching silk shirt and delicate neck brooch in place of a tie. His best actor nominated compatriot, Colman Domingo (one of the best dressed men in Hollywood) was pristine in a double-breasted red silk jacket with black lapels, black trousers and matching red shirt by Valentino, similarly eschewing a tie in favour of a fine gold brooch. Andrew Garfield wore louche chocolate brown Gucci and Jeremy Strong wore a suit by Loro Piana in an unusual tone of olive green.</p> <p>Bows of varying size and stature were perhaps the strongest theme of the night.</p> <p>Best actress winner Mikey Madison in black and pink Dior, best supporting actress nominee Felicity Jones in shimmering liquid silver Armani, Elle Fanning in white and black Givenchy and Lupita Nyong’o in white Chanel were all adorned with bows at their waists.</p> <p>The most remarkable bow of the night though was best actress nominee Cynthia Erivo in a structured deep emerald-green velvet Louis Vuitton gown, the broad, wing-like sleeves of which were crafted as a bow.</p> <p>Notable mentions must also go to those attendees who do not fit neatly into any thematic category. Best supporting actress nominee Ariana Grande wore a meticulously crafted pale pink Schiaparelli confection and Lisa (of Blackpink and now White Lotus fame) perfected a feminine take on masculine suiting in a tuxedo dress by Markgong.</p> <p>The only real surprise was the lack of political statements on display. Unlike recent years, when pins and ribbons in support of Ukraine and Palestine were widely worn, this year only Guy Pearce was spotted wearing a Free Palestine pin, Conclave writer Peter Straughan wore a Ukrainian flag pin and Kayo Shekoni had “free Congo” emblazoned on the sole of her high heels.</p> <p>– <em>Harriette Richards</em></p> <h2>The best picture: <em>Anora</em></h2> <p>And the best picture Oscar goes to … <em>Anora</em> – the film that was favoured to win, so no surprises here.</p> <p>Though he had been working for more than a decade at the time, writer-director-editor Sean Baker came onto the independent movie scene with a bang with 2015’s Tangerine, a gimmicky film that was mainly celebrated for being shot on an iPhone. Why this would be celebrated is anyone’s guess. I suspect it’s because of the “I could do it too” factor – something the average person certainly couldn’t say if we’re talking 35mm celluloid.</p> <p>Since then, Baker’s films have relished in embracing the digital, neon world, but always in a kind of sentimental and shallow, rather than critical, register. None of his films are awful – and maybe that’s saying something in this day and age. Anora also is not awful, but it’s not particularly memorable either.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/z20wJkdKz98?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>Anora follows a run of the mill American dream-type story about a hard-working stripper who seems to strike fairytale gold when a young, fun Russian oligarch falls in love with her. Only the dream turns out to be more of a nightmare (kind of) when things don’t quite work out and the film ends with the titular character once again independent and free.</p> <p>The idea of undercutting the fairytale setup of the typical rom-com is not at all original, and the film strikes me as even more schmaltzy in its rejection of the fairytale dream than if it had embraced it and played like a tween-focused Nickelodeon film (it’s about as poignant as this).</p> <p>The film’s cardinal sin, however – and it’s certainly not alone in this – is its critical overlength. Each of the film’s sections could have had some 20 minutes cut and we would have had an enjoyably tight romp at 80 minutes. Instead, Anora drags on, swept up in its imagining of its own profundity – at times pretentious, but mainly tedious.</p> <p>– <em>Ari Mattes</em></p> <h2>Not the year to stick a neck out</h2> <p>The speeches this year were conspicuously meek. No announcer majorly insulted anyone else. No winner assaulted anyone else. Even the James Bond retrospective lacked energy. What’s going on in Hollywood?</p> <p>There are clues that help explain this curious flatness. Host Conan O’Brien mentioned the pressure of “divisive politics” while reflecting on California’s wildfires. Several winners spoke about the importance of shared experience, of what unites us, of film as a medium that brings people together, a force for “<a href="https://pitchfork.com/news/oscars-2025-clement-ducol-and-camille-win-best-original-song-for-el-mal-from-emilia-perez/">good and progress in the world</a>” and “<a href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a63981052/adrien-brody-best-actor-oscars-2025-speech-transcript/">a reminder not to let hate go unchecked</a>”.</p> <p>The directors of No Other Land, receiving their Oscar for best documentary, shared the one clear critical voice. Palestinian Basel Adra wished his newborn daughter a life without the fear that governs daily life in his homeland. Israeli co-director Yuval Abraham agreed: “There is another way. It’s not too late for life and for the living. There is no other way.”</p> <p>However, that was the only moment people at the Oscars seemed willing to confront the political elephant in the room.</p> <p>Anora director Sean Baker used his last (of four!) acceptance speeches to compel more people to help keep cinema doors open. He made his point passionately: this was the best way to sustain an industry that could continue to make brilliant movies. That said, the most emotive speeches of past Oscars events went much further than just commenting on the bread and butter concerns of the film industry.</p> <p>This year, there were more clues in what people did not say. There were feints at Russian dictators – but nobody mentioned the war in Ukraine. There was no discussion of a certain election result, nor of filmmakers’ fears that Washington is now in the control of a governing faction that loathes them. Most revealing of all: nobody raised a peep about the President or his friends.</p> <p>Hollywood’s collective discipline was on show tonight – and 2025 is not the year to stick a neck out.</p> <p>– <em>Tom Clark</em></p> <h2>A banner year for independent film</h2> <p>Independent films were the big winners for this year’s Oscars. While many of the technical awards went to the big budget films, such as Wicked (the US$145 million film won costume design and production design) and Dune: Part 2 (made at a budget of US$190 million, and winning sound and visual effects), the night’s major awards went to small productions.</p> <p>While the definitions of “independence” and “studio” films don’t exist in a neat binary when it comes to production and global distribution, we can distinguish between film juggernauts and smaller films.</p> <p>Three independent films won significant awards that are of note. Latvian film Flow was the first independent film to win best animated feature, up against major films Inside Out 2 (Pixar Films) and The Wild Robot (DreamWorks).</p> <p>The film follows a cat, a dog, a capybara, a secretary bird and a ring-tailed lemur navigating a post-apocalyptic world with rising sea levels. The film also only used free and open-source software Blender and mostly used sounds from real world counterparts of the various characters. It was made for a budget of just €3.5 million (A$5.9 million).</p> <p>The best documentary film nominees were dominated by independent films. Notably, the winner No Other Land has sadly been unable to find a distributor to release the film in the United States. (It is available for streaming in Australia on DocPlay, and in select cinemas.) The film was only eligible because the Film Lincoln Centre in New York facilitated a one-week, qualifying theatrical run.</p> <p>The night’s top glories went to Anora, made on a budget of just US$6 million (A$9.7 million) and taking home the awards for best film, director, actress, screenplay and editing.</p> <p>In his acceptance speech for best director, Sean Baker spoke of the importance of films getting a theatrical release. Films, he said, are about humanity – and that is best experienced in watching a film with other people.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ozpV7LyJ4YQ?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>During awards season, Baker has often spoken about the importance of small budget films in the expression of core human experiences.</p> <p>The final message of the night went to Baker when he thanked the Academy for recognising a truly independent film: “Long live independent film!”</p> <p>Indeed, independent films ruled this year’s Oscars.</p> <p>– <em>Stuart Richards</em></p> <h2>Best actor and actress</h2> <p>Mikey Madison, who won the best actress award for Anora, is quite good in the role. That said, it’s difficult to evaluate her performance in such a meandering film.</p> <p>She tries hard playing a stripper who falls for Prince Charming – a Russian oligarch (Hollywood’s anti-Russian sentiment has certainly grown in recent years) who turns out to be a bit of a weakling with meanie parents. But Madison never really convincingly embodies the character, and we’re ever aware as we watch the film that she’s an actress working her way through relevant emotions and intensities.</p> <p>That said, Madison is good at yelling and stripping, and this is the main way she shows her chops here. She screamed well in Once Upon a Time… in Hollywood (2019), too. The bar this year was admittedly pretty low, and truth be told Madison’s performance in Anora (aside from Fernanda Torres for I’m Still Here) is probably the best out of the nominees.</p> <p>In contrast, Adrien Brody, who won the best actor award, is absolutely unforgettable in the flawed but magnificent The Brutalist – the best he’s been since The Pianist, and the deserved winner by a mile out of a similarly mediocre field. Brody is simply a pleasure to watch, and drives, in a wholly embodied way, this grandiose and exceedingly long film (the fact it doesn’t feel long is largely due to his magnetism).</p> <p>The screenplay, in which the character comes across as a combination of arrogant, sweet and at times comedic, allows Brody to display the full range of his talent, and he plays the whole thing with an endearing vulnerability. But, again, it’s unfair to compare Brody and Madison – The Brutalist is a spectacularly accomplished cinematic epic, while Anora feels as stylish and profound as a social media video (I know that’s the point, but that doesn’t make it any more compelling).</p> <p>– <em>Ari Mattes</em></p> <h2>A lacklustre year for music</h2> <p>This was a strong year for music-based films, with three of the most nominated ones being musicals of various types: the big-budget Broadway adaptation Wicked, the original film musical Emilia Pérez, and the musician biopic A Complete Unknown.</p> <p>The music of the ceremony itself was nicely assembled, with a live orchestra (conducted by Michael Bearden) accompanying proceedings from above the stage.</p> <p>But the show was marred by an absence: the best song nominations were not performed live. The new songs this year were so bland, however – especially when compared to the Wicked score and Bob Dylan – that I can hardly blame the producers. The nominations included a dull Elton John song, some soft guitar rock from Sing Sing, Diane Warren’s 16th (!) nominated song (more soft rock), and two forgettable songs from Emilia Pérez (one of which, El Mal, was the winner).</p> <p>So little faith did the Academy have in the songs that only a few seconds were played from each, mostly covered by a montage of interviews with the songwriters.</p> <p>This year’s nominated best scores were not much more memorable, but Daniel Blumberg deserved his win for The Brutalist. It demonstrates a high level of composition and orchestration craft. It uses edgy instrumental textures to increase the feelings of uncertainty and imbalance that the film imparts.</p> <p>The show included a lot of Wizard of Oz. Ariana Grande sang Over the Rainbow from the 1939 film and Cynthia Erivo sang Home from The Wiz, the 1974 soul musical based on the book. Then they performed Defying Gravity from Wicked together.</p> <p>Another subtle Wizard of Oz nod was the music played during the commercial breaks: a loop based on Brand New Day from The Wiz, whose 1979 film version had its music produced by the late Quincy Jones. Queen Latifah and backup dancers brought some much needed energy to the last hour of the ceremony with Ease on Down the Road, also from The Wiz, as part of a Jones tribute.</p> <p>One surprise was an unnecessary but enjoyable James Bond sequence featuring Margaret Qualley dancing to John Barry’s famous theme, a performance of Live and Let Die by K-pop star Lisa, Doja Cat singing Diamonds Are Forever, and Raye’s rendition of Skyfall.</p> <p>This plus the various numbers from the Oz Musical Universe only highlighted how lacklustre this year’s nominated music was.</p> <p>– <em>Gregory Camp</em></p> <p><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><em>By <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/harriette-richards-992933">Harriette Richards</a>, Senior Lecturer, School of Fashion and Textiles, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/rmit-university-1063">RMIT University</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ari-mattes-97857">Ari Mattes</a>, Lecturer in Communications and Media, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-notre-dame-australia-852">University of Notre Dame Australia</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gregory-camp-1280180">Gregory Camp</a>, Senior Lecturer, School of Music, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-auckland-waipapa-taumata-rau-1305">University of Auckland, Waipapa Taumata Rau</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/stuart-richards-9983">Stuart Richards</a>, Senior Lecturer in Screen Studies, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-south-australia-1180">University of South Australia</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tom-clark-4911">Tom Clark</a>, Chair of Academic Board, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/victoria-university-1175">Victoria University</a></em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-the-fashion-to-the-speeches-to-the-music-this-was-an-oscars-of-few-surprises-5-experts-break-it-down-251264">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Movies

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From sunscreen to essential oils, why some personal care products could be harmful to your health

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/asit-kumar-mishra-1458839">Asit Kumar Mishra</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-college-cork-1321">University College Cork</a></em></p> <p>Each time you apply sunscreen to your face, you may inhale somewhere between <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/11/5944">10 to 30 milligrams of ethanol</a>, the type of alcohol used in alcoholic drinks. While the ethanol in sunscreen may not give you a buzz, it could make you think about what other chemicals you might be exposed to from personal care products.</p> <p>Products that are applied to the face, like sunscreen, can increase the inhalation of some chemicals by ten times or more than you would inhale from your <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34816489/">home air in the entire day</a>.</p> <p>The levels of ethanol in cosmetics and skincare products may be reasonably safe – although it can still dry out the skin, causing pain, redness and swelling, and <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ethanol-properties-uses-and-incident-management/ethanol-general-information">irritate the eyes</a>, causing tears, burning and stinging – but personal care products such as shampoos, skin creams, deodorants, cosmetics and perfumes contain fragrances and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can be inhaled, absorbed through skin or ingested and some are more toxic than others.</p> <p>Unfortunately, manufacturers of personal care products <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-015-0327-6">do not have to disclose</a> every fragrance compound used. This is concerning when you consider the potential effects of toxic compounds that <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34816489/">have been detected</a> in the air from personal care products. For example, hair-smoothing products have released formaldehyde, a toxic chemical that can cause <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK597627/">a range of symptoms</a> from dermatitis to low sperm count. Some perfumes and deodorants have generated monoterpenes, chemicals which <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8912113/#sec1-molecules-27-01716">can prove toxic</a> for some users.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cfloNXKeyX8?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>Some of the VOCs found in personal care products <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36976159/">may trigger</a> skin irritation, headaches – and difficulty breathing, which can develop into an asthma attack in some users. The highest or peak concentration of these VOCs are likely to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22406137/">occur within ten minutes</a> of application. But these concentrations may take up to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34816489/">two hours to decrease to background levels</a>, depending on your home’s ventilation.</p> <h2>Natural doesn’t mean risk free</h2> <p>But even if the levels of <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20659630/">VOCs in personal care products</a> are kept <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22406137/">within safe limits</a>, they can still cause discomfort and a variety of health issues, including irritation of the eyes and airways, migraines and asthmatic reactions, in those who’re <a href="https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-020-00311-y">fragrance sensitive</a>. In the UK, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-018-00655-8">27% of the population</a> self reports as fragrance sensitive.</p> <p>It makes sense then that some people attempt to avoid potentially toxic synthetic chemicals in cosmetics by opting for “natural” or “clean” personal care products. But, <a href="https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s12302-020-00311-y">natural does not mean safer</a>.</p> <p>For instance, essential oils are often used in “natural” personal care products as fragrance. Essential oils, though, are a source of terpenes, some of which can be <a href="https://www.lung.org/blog/essential-oils-harmful-or-helpful">toxic if absorbed, inhaled or swallowed</a>.</p> <p>Indoor concentration of terpenes are often at levels where you can smell them but not high enough to cause <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28126407/">eye or respiratory tract irritation</a>. However, the terpenes from essential oils can react with other chemicals, such as ozone from outdoor air, producing <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32162221/">byproducts like formaldehyde, a known carcinogen</a> and <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22250748/">allergens</a>.</p> <h2>Beauty salon safety</h2> <p>Beauty salons can be particularly risky environments for exposure to VOCs. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/7/4176">Studies have found</a> contaminants such as formaldehyde, ammonia and <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toluene-properties-incident-management-and-toxicology/toluene-toxicological-overview">toluene</a>, a potentially harmful ingredient used in many personal care products, at high levels in salons, putting staff who work there at the highest risk.</p> <p>Formaldehyde levels in some salons have reached <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31321727/">above safety limits</a>. <a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/npi/substances/fact-sheets/methyl-methacrylate#tabs-2">Methyl methacrylate</a>, which can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions and potential <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3072694/">respiratory issues</a> has been <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30276513/">detected in the air of nail salons</a>.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ydRklqO01fE?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>These contaminants are not necessarily limited to the places in a salon <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23765035/">where a certain product is being used</a>. Beauty salons with poor ventilation are likely to expose workers and customers to <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494285/">much higher levels of contaminants</a>. Some of the components of personal care products are known, harmful contaminants and carcinogens.</p> <p>Regulations specifically related to ventilation in environments where large volumes of these products are used do reduce exposures. For instance, studies show that after ventilation regulations came into effect in Boston, US in 2011, the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31622145/">air quality inside nail salons improved</a>.</p> <p>When visiting your nail salon or hair stylist, check with them about their ventilation system and other steps they are taking to reduce exposure to VOCs.</p> <p>To limit exposure to potential VOCs at home when using personal care products, try to open windows and use extractor fans in wet rooms. Be especially careful when applying products to the face or when using a high temperature application – <a href="https://occup-med.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x">high temperatures can increase emissions</a>.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/248273/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/asit-kumar-mishra-1458839"><em>Asit Kumar Mishra</em></a><em>, Research Fellow in School of Public of Health, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-college-cork-1321">University College Cork</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-sunscreen-to-essential-oils-why-some-personal-care-products-could-be-harmful-to-your-health-248273">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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I spy with my little eye: 3 unusual Australian plant ecosystems to spot on your next roadtrip

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gregory-moore-1779">Gregory Moore</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></p> <p>When the growing gets tough, the tough trees and shrubs get growing.</p> <p>Australia’s environment is brutal. Its ancient, low-nutrient soils and generally low rainfall make it a hard place for plants to grow. Despite this, the continent is filled with wonderfully diverse plant ecosystems.</p> <p>If you don’t know what you’re looking for, it can be easy to miss these seemingly unremarkable species. So, here are three little-known Australian plant species and ecosystems to look out for during your next roadtrip.</p> <h2>1. Cycads and eucalypts</h2> <p>If you are driving a coastal route along southern New South Wales, keep an eye out for the stunning combination of burrawang cycads (<em>Macrozamia communis</em>) and spotted gum (<em>Corymbia maculata</em>). These species live in harmony along the <a href="https://www.botanicgardens.org.au/our-science/our-collections/plant-families/cycads#:%7E:text=Meet%20one%20of%20the%20world's%20most%20southern%20Cycads&amp;text=On%20the%20New%20South%20Wales,Spotted%20Gums%20(Corymbia%20maculata).">NSW coastline</a>, from Kempsey to Bega, and inland as far as Mudgee.</p> <p>If you’re on a road trip, now is the perfect time to talk to children about ancient moving continents, volcanoes and dinosaurs.</p> <p>Cycads are <a href="https://anpsa.org.au/APOL2009/feb09-s3.html">ancient gymnosperms</a> (cone-bearing plants) which evolved long before the Gondwanan supercontinent separated. These tough, hardy plants saw the dinosaurs come and go, and their relatives are found all around the world.</p> <p>These <a href="https://www.botanicgardens.org.au/our-science/our-collections/plant-families/cycads#:%7E:text=Not%20only%20is%20Macrozamia%20communis,inland%20as%20far%20as%20Mudgee.">cycads</a> form a striking understorey to the spotted gum. As their scientific name (<em>Macrozamia communis</em>) suggests, they form a dense community.</p> <p>Further north in Queensland, pineapple cycads (<em>Lepidozamia peroffskyana</em>), and Western Australia’s zamia palm (<em>Macrozamia riedlei</em>) are also worth spotting.</p> <p>Cycad seeds are poisonous, but First Nations Australians worked out a complex process to prepare them for <a href="https://www.apscience.org.au/apsf20036/">safe eating</a>. This involved dissolving the <a href="https://www.scienceflip.com.au/subjects/chemistry/equilibriumandacidreactions/learn10/">plant’s toxins</a> in running water, cooking, working and grinding the seeds into a powder.</p> <p>Spotted gums evolved long after dinosaurs went extinct. Early eucalypt fossils date from about 34 million years ago, while current species are often only a few million years old.</p> <p>Spotted gums are a great example of how plants that survive tough environments often also do well in difficult <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-humble-spotted-gum-is-a-world-class-urban-tree-heres-why-212540">urban situations</a>.</p> <p>Cycads are similarly found growing in poor soils and arid conditions. They have long, glossy leaves up to about 1.5 metres in length with lots of leaflets.</p> <p>There are both male and female plants. The female cone is an impressive, wide-domed structure that can be almost half a metre across. Its bright orange-red seeds are eaten by <a href="https://backyardbuddies.org.au/backyard-buddies/cycads/#:%7E:text=If%20you%20have%20a%20female,bats%20will%20feed%20on%20them.">foraging marsupials</a>, large birds and flying foxes.</p> <p>Spotted gums are tall, straight eucalyptus trees with dark green, glossy leaves. Old bark creates dark grey spots against their cream coloured trunk, giving them a mottled look.</p> <p>It is interesting to see ancient and modern species in such a close community relationship in cycad-spotted gum forests. Both are also well-adapted to the fires that frequent their habitat.</p> <h2>2. Ancient acacias</h2> <p>Travelling inland, the environment gets even tougher. Most large trees disappear and are replaced by woodlands dominated by <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/abares/forestsaustralia/publishingimages/forest%20profiles%202005/acacia_forests_2005.pdf">inland acacia</a> (wattle) species.</p> <p>These inland acacias are short but mighty, with deep, extensive root systems.</p> <p>Two of these species, <a href="http://theconversation.com/the-mighty-mulga-grows-deep-and-lives-long-118838">mulga</a> (<em>Acacia aneura</em>) and brigalow (<em>A. harpophylla</em>) are part of Australian folklore. A Banjo Paterson character <a href="https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00072.txt">says</a>: “You know how the brigalow grows […] saplings about as thick as a man’s arm”.</p> <p>Nutrients and water resources are limited, so mulga and brigalow trees are often evenly spaced across the landscape. This eerie symmetry makes it look like they were planted by humans.</p> <p>Many people are unaware that the twisted, stunted specimens they see are more than 250 years old and occupy vast tracts of the Australian landscape.</p> <p><a href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/biodiversity/threatened/action-plan/priority-plants/waddy-wood">Waddy-wood</a> (<em>Acacia peuce</em>) is a rare species of acacia, found in just three locations on the edge of the Simpson Desert. This tree has very strong wood, and was used by Indigenous Australians for making clubs (waddys) and tools for carrying fire.</p> <p>Inland acacias were widely used by Indigenous Australians for their wood, resins and medicinal properties. They have also been used as <a href="https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/671421/using-mulga-as-a-forage-supplement-for-livestock-in-droughts.pdf">fodder for livestock</a>, especially during drought.</p> <p>These <a href="https://era.dpi.qld.gov.au/id/eprint/13430/1/QJAS_6%5B2%5D_1949_pp87-139_everist.pdf">crucial species</a> provide important habitat for other plants and animals. But they are under threat.</p> <p>As old trees collapse and die, there are no young trees replacing them. This is because of drought and grazing, compounded by <a href="https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/environmental-risk-mitigation-plan-acacia.pdf">climate change</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification">Desertification</a> – where fertile land is degraded until it essentially becomes desert – is becoming a huge problem due to the massive area dominated by acacias.</p> <h2>3. Boabs</h2> <p>If you’re driving across the Northern Territory and Western Australia, you might come across the <a href="https://theconversation.com/built-like-buildings-boab-trees-are-life-savers-with-a-chequered-past-118821">mighty boab</a> (<em>Adansonia gregoryii</em>).</p> <p>These close relatives of the African and Madagascan baobabs <a href="https://theconversation.com/baobab-trees-all-come-from-madagascar-new-study-reveals-that-their-seeds-and-seedlings-floated-to-mainland-africa-and-all-the-way-to-australia-231031">floated to Australia</a> as seeds or seedlings around 12 million years ago.</p> <p>These <a href="https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2019/07/how-did-the-iconic-boab-tree-get-to-australia/">deciduous trees</a> live in mostly dry environments that also experience strong monsoonal-type rains. Boabs trap and store water in their trunks, allowing them not only to survive but thrive.</p> <p>Their African and Madagascan baobab relatives are sometimes called <a href="https://www.oneearth.org/species-of-the-week-african-baobab-tree/">trees of life</a>, as they support many species.</p> <p>Australian boabs are similar. They offer habitat, roosting and nesting sites. Their flowers and fruits are food sources to many species of insects and birds.</p> <p>They were – and are – important trees in First Nations cultures. Carvings and symbols on their trunks can last for more than a century, much longer than on other trees. These are called <a href="https://www.snexplores.org/article/carvings-australia-boab-trees-lost-history-first-nation">dendroglyphs</a>.</p> <p>For example, <a href="https://theconversation.com/the-boab-trees-of-the-remote-tanami-desert-are-carved-with-centuries-of-indigenous-history-and-theyre-under-threat-191676">snake carvings</a> dated to more than 200 years old have been found on boab trees in Northern Australia’s Tanami Desert.</p> <p>While these special trees are usually found far from the beaten track, they can be spotted growing around Darwin and other remote towns. If you get the chance to see them, count yourself lucky.</p> <h2>Tough terrain, tough trees</h2> <p>Plant communities are remarkably resilient. They also display great creativity when evolving ways to survive tough environments.</p> <p>Make sure to keep an eye out as you’re exploring Australia and enjoy the fascinating plants our country has to offer.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/246129/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gregory-moore-1779"><em>Gregory Moore</em></a><em>, Senior Research Associate, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/i-spy-with-my-little-eye-3-unusual-australian-plant-ecosystems-to-spot-on-your-next-roadtrip-246129">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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1975 was declared International Women’s Year. 50 years on, the ‘revolution in our heads’ is still being fought

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/marian-sawer-3336">Marian Sawer</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/australian-national-university-877">Australian National University</a></em></p> <p>In December 1972, the same month the Whitlam government was first elected, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 1975 as International Women’s Year (IWY). This set in train a series of world-changing events, in which Australia was to play a significant part.</p> <p>The aim of IWY was to end discrimination against women and enable them to participate fully in economic, social and political life. Fifty years later, such participation has become an indicator of development and good governance. But the full promise of International Women’s year has yet to be fulfilled, hampered by pushback and the scourge of gender-based violence.</p> <h2>‘The greatest consciousness-raising event in history’</h2> <p><a href="https://history.duke.edu/books/international-womens-year-greatest-consciousness-raising-event-history">Dubbed</a> “the greatest consciousness-raising event in history”, the UN’s first World Conference on Women took place in Mexico City in June 1975. Consciousness-raising had been part of the repertoire of women’s liberation. Now it was taken up by government and intergovernmental bodies.</p> <p>The Mexico City conference was agenda-setting in many ways. The Australian government delegation, led by Elizabeth Reid, helped introduce the world of multilateral diplomacy to the language of the women’s movement. As Reid said:</p> <blockquote> <p>We argued that, whenever the words “racism”, “colonialism” and “neo-colonialism” occurred in documents of the conference, so too should “sexism”, a term that had not to that date appeared in United Nations documents or debates.</p> </blockquote> <p>Reid held the position of women’s adviser to the prime minister. In this pioneering role, she had been able to obtain government commitment and funding for Australia’s own national consciousness-raising exercise during IWY.</p> <p>A wide range of small grants promoted attitudinal change – “the revolution in our heads” – whether in traditional women’s organisations, churches and unions, or through providing help such as Gestetner machines to the new women’s centres.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UinNIfzUglQ?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>IWY grants explicitly <a href="https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/release/transcript-3519">did not include</a> the new women’s services, including refuges, women’s health centres and rape crisis centres. Their funding was now regarded as an ongoing responsibility for government, rather than suitable for one-off grants.</p> <p>IWY began in Australia with a televised conversation on New Year’s Day between Reid and Governor-General John Kerr on hopes and aspirations for the year. On International Women’s Day (March 8), <a href="https://pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/original/00003643.pdf">Prime Minister Gough Whitlam’s speech</a> emphasised the need for attitudinal change:</p> <blockquote> <p>Both men and women must be made aware of our habitual patterns of prejudice which we often do not see as such but whose existence manifests itself in our language and our behaviour.</p> </blockquote> <p>The Australian postal service celebrated the day by releasing a stamp featuring the IWY symbol, showing the spirit of women breaking free of their traditional bonds. At Reid’s suggestion, IWY materials, including the symbol, were printed in the purple, green and white first adopted by Emmeline Pankhurst in 1908 and now known as the suffragette colours.</p> <h2>Policy power</h2> <p>Inside government, Reid had introduced the idea that all Cabinet submissions needed to be analysed for gender impact. After the Mexico City conference, this idea became part of new international norms of governance.</p> <p>Following the adoption at the conference of the World Plan of Action, the idea that governments needed specialised policy machinery to promote gender equality was disseminated around the world.</p> <p>Given the amount of ground to be covered, IWY was expanded to a UN Decade for Women (1976–85). By the end of it, 127 countries <a href="https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/nationalm2004/docs/EGM%20final%20report.26-jan-05.pdf">had established</a> some form of government machinery to advance the status of women. Each of the successive UN world conferences (Copenhagen 1980, Nairobi 1985, Beijing 1995) generated new plans of action and strengthened systems of reporting by governments.</p> <p>The Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing was a high point. Its “platform for action” provided further impetus for what was now called “gender mainstreaming”. By 2018, every country recognised by the UN except North Korea had established government machinery for this purpose.</p> <p>The global diffusion of this policy innovation was <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096100">unprecedented</a> in its rapidity. At the same time, Australia took the lead in another best-practice innovation. In 1984, the Commonwealth government pioneered what became known as “<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/1354500110110029?needAccess=true">gender budgeting</a>”. This required departments to disaggregate the ways particular budgetary decisions affected men and women.</p> <p>As feminist economists pointed out, when the economic and social division of labour was taken into account, no budgetary decision could be assumed to be gender-neutral. Governments had emphasised special programs for women, a relatively small part of annual budgets, rather than the more substantial impact on women of macro-economic policy.</p> <p>Standard-setting bodies such as the OECD helped promote gender budgeting as the best way to ensure such decisions did not inadvertently increase rather than reduce gender gaps.</p> <p>By 2022, gender budgeting had been taken up around the world, including in 61% of OECD countries. Now that it had become an international marker of good governance, Australian governments were also <a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/gender-equality-in-australia_54c8b400-en.html">reintroducing it</a> after a period of abeyance.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pH9V0GIGr-4?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <h2>Momentum builds</h2> <p>In addition to such policy transfer, new frameworks were being adopted internationally. Following IWY, the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted in 1979. CEDAW became known as the international bill of rights for women, and has been ratified by 189 countries. This is more than any other UN Convention except that on the rights of the child.</p> <p>All state parties to CEDAW were required to submit periodic reports to the UN on its implementation. Non-government organisations were encouraged to provide shadow reports to inform the questioning of government representatives. This oversight and dialogue relating to gender equality became part of the norm-building work of the UN.</p> <p>However, this very success at international and regional levels helped fuel “<a href="https://theloop.ecpr.eu/feminist-governance-here-to-stay-or-gone-tomorrow/">anti-gender movements</a>” that gathered strength after 1995. No more world conferences on women were held, for fear there would be slippage from the standards achieved in Beijing.</p> <p><a href="https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/gender-equality-in-australia_54c8b400-en.html">In Australia</a>, the leveraging of international standards to promote gender equality has been muted in deference to populist politics. It became common to present the business case rather than the social justice case for gender-equality policy, even the cost to the economy of gender-based violence (<a href="https://plan4womenssafety.dss.gov.au/resources/useful-statistics/">estimated by KPMG to be $26 billion in 2015–16</a>).</p> <h2>The battle continues</h2> <p>Fifty years after IWY, Australia is making up some lost ground in areas such as paid parental leave, work value in the care economy, and recognition of the ways economic policy affects women differently from men.</p> <p>However, all of this remains precarious, with issues of gender equality too readily rejected as part of a “woke agenda”.</p> <p>The world has become a different place from when the Australian government delegation set out to introduce the UN to the concept of sexism. In Western democracies, women have surged into male domains such as parliaments. Australia now has an almost equal number of women and men in its Cabinet (<a href="https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/ministry-list-20-january-2025">11 out of 23 members</a>).</p> <p>But along with very different expectations has come the resentment too often being mobilised by the kind of populist politics we will likely see more of in this election year.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/241791/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/marian-sawer-3336"><em>Marian Sawer</em></a><em>, Emeritus Professor, School of Politics and International Relations, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/australian-national-university-877">Australian National University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: National Archives of Australia </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/1975-was-declared-international-womens-year-50-years-on-the-revolution-in-our-heads-is-still-being-fought-241791">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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Why physical affection can boost your health

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/viren-swami-241976">Viren Swami</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/anglia-ruskin-university-1887">Anglia Ruskin University</a></em></p> <p>In the opening scene of <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9Z3_ifFheQ">Love, Actually</a>, Hugh Grant’s character says how, whenever he gets gloomy with the state of the world, he thinks about the arrivals gate at Heathrow airport. The reason is on screen: we see couples kissing, old friends embracing, children smiling and laughing as they jump into the arms of their parents.</p> <p>Airports are great places to really understand the importance of physical affection – hugging, kissing, cuddling, holding hands, or even just touching. But physical affection is ubiquitous in everyday life, too – and with good reason. Science shows that non-sexual physical affection produces more than just moments of joy – it also <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03637751.2020.1805480?casa_token=DrsRLnkOANAAAAAA:u8gR6dQFL2Jp99tIr3m1Bcm14hc-EwVrbckdpuDX0HyWEBDrzoUcxNYpkCQzXP5oD_IhHqzYo7Fj">benefits</a> our mental and physical health.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PlyMXYys16U?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>Physical affection is one of the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1998.tb00157.x?casa_token=Rq8rCHwvKboAAAAA%3AxmDZvSXM6wTZuZzCCotRMro4nC_xcSbnw6Em8Od29q__XfYEhuwW9Iigpr2c8WlZJ_aMY4ng5m-DM40">most direct</a> and important ways that people communicate intimacy in their romantic relationships. And it seems to occur in romantic relationships all over the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167220988373?casa_token=2rLs7-9M9bAAAAAA:UduYJMPaWQmLGFZXW0YcLvaBf-Lor1jITDDSIpqVTtTVuznW7YC89p-Jp0WUtebc2UTE8-ikrrxp&amp;casa_token=2_f_mSXK3YYAAAAA:AkLcZq_uAkQ7HyQL9jCDdubu7zuseAslE864obd1OYUMR1JLq7JPDM3C7lLMJTzDHEnQwgs6kQRi">world</a>, despite cross-cultural differences in ideas of love and romance.</p> <p>People in romantic relationships report more <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10919-018-0281-8">intimate physical affection</a> than singletons. They’re also more comfortable allowing their partners to touch more of their bodies than strangers or friends. For example, most people are comfortable being touched on their <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1519231112">thighs and abdomen</a> by their partner, but not by other people.</p> <p>Even how we touch our partners is different to how we touch other people. When participants in one study were asked to stroke their partner, a friend, a stranger, or an artificial arm, they did so more <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10919-020-00334-2">slowly</a> with their partner. Slower strokes may may be experienced as more pleasant and <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article/14/5/645/6973562">erotic</a> than quicker strokes. Even just <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0203039">thinking</a> about physical affection from a partner evokes pleasant and erotic sensations.</p> <p>There is now strong evidence showing that physical contact is associated with better physical and mental health. One <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01841-8">review</a> of “touch interventions” – think massage – in 212 studies involving more than 13,000 participants found that physical touch benefited everything from sleep patterns to blood pressure to fatigue. Touch interventions were especially helpful in reducing pain, depression and anxiety.</p> <h2>Couple’s therapy</h2> <p>Before you rush off to book yourself a massage, you should know that much of the evidence suggests the strongest benefits come from physical affection with romantic partners. Several studies have found that, in couples, physical affection is associated with a range of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229711000025?casa_token=ER4aGB-3vusAAAAA:IBMtXZdEpTywjizJ4kwcOPO2HykSwgaK3GS3qYWh5JTYvWJCLW-x1I3IYDYKbzLZ9aX8QIhOLlA">physiological</a> effects, including lower blood pressure and better immune responses.</p> <p>In couples, physical affection is also associated with better psychological <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167213497592?casa_token=_OtVkA13hgkAAAAA%3AU6eWWQLI4CXadtUanBR1PEGBA-Xh8en3plwOayvC4KNF_Ybi8zyzHjheM1m2XWLxjgczoQstUEEbDg&amp;journalCode=pspc">wellbeing</a>. One study found that couples who <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42761-021-00093-3">sleep-touched</a> – cuddling shortly before or after sleep – felt happier and calmer in the morning, which meant they were more likely to enjoy the company of their partners.</p> <p>Physical affection – including <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-013-0190-1?correlationId=bbd6ba1a-a372-4cae-83b3-6d9ba5704f4e&amp;error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=dc878548-1748-44ed-bf6b-36dd348ea060">kissing</a> and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-014-0305-3">affection after sex</a> – is also associated with greater relationship and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-016-0820-5">sexual satisfaction</a>, and better ratings of one’s relationship overall, which in turn contribute to better psychological wellbeing. And even when conflicts do occur, <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0203522">hugging</a> seems to reduce levels of negative mood in couples.</p> <p>Cuddle up, because there’s more. Receiving physical affection from a partner makes us feel psychologically stronger. One study found that women showed less activation in parts of the brain that respond to threat when <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x">holding their husband’s hand</a>. Even just imagining touch from a partner can increase one’s willingness to take on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103116302013?via%3Dihub">challenging tasks</a>.</p> <p>Another way to look at this is to examine what happens when we lose physical affection. Studies have shown that “<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijop.12616">touch deprivation</a>” – the absence of touch – is associated with greater symptoms of depression and anxiety. Indeed, the loss of affection from others during the pandemic <a href="https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2204">hit many people hard</a>. Among couples, a <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10570314.2014.927071?casa_token=D34OY4K-RBIAAAAA:GY-MyGWWcZfOZgOYLmtjYbn3buO5fL1FUiD7whf1fs_aFQPGORTPwOS9Eh0ODdbeRmW32ehtrtntug">lack of physical affection</a> is associated with lower relationship satisfaction, stress, and feelings of loneliness.</p> <figure><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ErWfdjdOah8?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0" width="440" height="260" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></figure> <p>There are several ways in which physical affection provides these benefits. Affectionate touch is known to activate <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hbm.23679">reward centres</a> of the brain, which boosts our mood and promotes feelings of wellbeing. Touch also stimulates the release of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163638320301107?casa_token=I6GG0M3UAQEAAAAA:qSsExsEvHY9NHduwUF26okRMUm1Ls-gYHbrVNzaYgMkmS-Ohk2Y5ZvowbF2iWfpa6SO-mw6duuI">oxytocin</a>, which can strengthen social bonds and increase feelings of trust between individuals. It’s for these reasons that oxytocin is sometimes called the “cuddle chemical”.</p> <p>Physical affection also reduces levels of the stress hormone <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.011">cortisol</a> and reduces perceived pain, which suppress physiological stress systems. One study found that a ten-minute neck-and-shoulder <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453007000698?casa_token=2Bzr1YblT_wAAAAA:U9SNg8zkf30IXRI9MHpvdrJHJm6SWSbmnwpMu5pmMVElt5xifUTAkaM8Vp3vvOcas9JTUYHZlwQ">massage</a> from one’s partner helped lower cortisol responses, helping to regulate levels of stress.</p> <p>Psychologically, physical affection in romantic relationships is an important way <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167213497592?casa_token=_OtVkA13hgkAAAAA%3AU6eWWQLI4CXadtUanBR1PEGBA-Xh8en3plwOayvC4KNF_Ybi8zyzHjheM1m2XWLxjgczoQstUEEbDg&amp;journalCode=pspc">to keep our emotions under control</a>. Touching one’s partner in a caring manner helps to improve their mood and makes them feel loved, secure, and safe. As feelings of <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-006-9071-1">connection</a>, trust, and belonging are strengthened through non-sexual physical signs of affection, negative effect is reduced and psychological well-being is improved.</p> <p>However, not everyone likes to be touched, even if it is by their romantic partners. Some people are “<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00990960">touch avoidant</a>” – and some people may actually be apprehensive about being touched. For instance, people with avoidant attachment styles – characterised by a discomfort with emotional closeness – often have very <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.035">negative views about cuddling</a> and are more <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167295213008">hesitant</a> to touch their partners. Conversely, people with anxious attachment styles – characterised by a fear of abandonment – may desire <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167295213008">more touch</a> than they receive.</p> <p>But when couples have similar touch preferences, it can lead to greater attraction, <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0265407520910791?casa_token=Q1265G4ynqsAAAAA%3AWuu40ji4ca-_TKKA7P2CeSqeTTFfYH-Bfz1c0pBUCJ6fD0_twBugXqg3Geon-ncaS2VhjfUTdp9HiQ&amp;journalCode=spra">closeness</a>, and commitment to one another. And if you’re looking for a fun way to incorporate non-sexual physical affection into your relationships, consider home massage. One study found that couples who <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2254-9625/11/2/33">took turns massaging</a> each other at home felt a deeper connection with each other, and felt more relaxed and less stressed.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/247858/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/viren-swami-241976">Viren Swami</a>, Professor of Social Psychology, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/anglia-ruskin-university-1887">Anglia Ruskin University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/why-physical-affection-can-boost-your-health-247858">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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Should you use your retirement savings to pay off debt? Three things to keep in mind

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bomikazi-zeka-680577">Bomikazi Zeka</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-canberra-865">University of Canberra</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jasmine-kinsman-1438670">Jasmine Kinsman</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/nelson-mandela-university-1946">Nelson Mandela University</a></em></p> <p>A host of countries have taken steps to reform the terms under which people can access their retirement benefits. South Africa is the most recent. In 2024 it <a href="https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-changed-its-retirement-rules-to-help-boost-country-savings-how-it-will-work-233287">introduced changes</a> that allow access to some retirement savings while ensuring that most of the money is still preserved for later.</p> <p>Other countries that have changed the rules to allow members to dip into their savings before retirement include Australia, Chile, India and Portugal. Changes were introduced to ease the financial strain caused by COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. People across the world are grappling with debt and the cost of living.</p> <p><a href="https://www.treasury.gov.za/comm_media/press/2024/2024%20Two-pot%20System%20Updated%20%20FAQ%20August%202024.pdf">Policymakers</a> have considered this an avenue that offers financially distressed fund members the flexibility to access their retirement funds while still supporting long-term retirement savings. Retirement funds are also often the only sizeable savings that fund members have.</p> <p>A recent report by South Africa’s <a href="https://www.discovery.co.za/portal/business/top-reasons-for-two-pot-withdrawal-requests">Discovery Corporate and Employee Benefits</a>, which represents 3,000 employers that provide pension and provident funds for just over one million employees, found that people aged between 35 and 45 made the most claims to access the savings component of their retirement.</p> <p>When asked what they used the funds for, 24% of members said their withdrawals were for financing home or car expenses. Another 21% of members were using their funds to pay off short-term debt. The majority of members who withdrew their retirement savings were low-income earners (earning up to R125,000 or US$7,000 a year). On the other hand, withdrawals were lowest among high-income earners (earning more than R1 million or US$56,000 a year).</p> <p>This data provides evidence that most low- to middle-income South African consumers are grappling with the trade-off between preserving their capital for retirement and meeting their monthly financial obligations.</p> <p>Given that everyone’s financial situation, goals and needs are different, it’s always best to speak to a financial advisor to assess whether using your retirement savings to pay off debt will be a sound move. But, as academics who have focused on financial planning, we offer three pointers to consider:</p> <ul> <li> <p>understand what you owe, to whom, and what it’s costing you</p> </li> <li> <p>plan beyond paying off debt</p> </li> <li> <p>weigh the pros and cons carefully.</p> </li> </ul> <h2>Know which debt to settle first</h2> <p>Debt with a high interest rate often takes longer to repay, because at the start of the loan repayment period, most of the repayments are going towards interest payments – not reducing the capital amount. If you use your retirement proceeds towards this, it could shorten the period that it would take to settle the loan and reduce the interest repayments, which are compounded according to the outstanding loan balance.</p> <p>Short-term loans, such as those with a repayment term of up to 18 months, tend to have higher interest rates. Unsecured debt, which is debt that is not tied to an asset, also attracts high interest rates because they have little to no collateral requirements. Collateral provides the lender with a guarantee of compensation in the event of default. When there is no collateral, the cost of debt becomes more expensive. Using your retirement proceeds towards settling these short-term loans can free up cash that can be used towards settling other debt and will improve your credit score.</p> <h2>Understanding borrowing behaviour</h2> <p>Using your retirement savings to settle debt should be a priority if you have a plan in place to ensure that your overall financial position will improve. Once the debt is cleared, consider how you can use your free cash in your favour. This could mean boosting your savings or acquiring assets and investments.</p> <p>But if retirement savings are being used to pay off debt while you accumulate more debt, this indicates on ongoing cycle of debt. For example, paying off the minimum amount due on a loan but also consuming the balance that becomes available on the same loan is a sign of poor borrowing behaviour. A more extreme example is taking on more debt to service existing debt.</p> <p>Without a change in borrowing behaviour, using your retirement savings to pay off debt will leave you worse off. You will have missed out on the opportunity to grow your retirement savings and you will have got into more debt.</p> <h2>Debt repayments vs retirement returns</h2> <p>When considering withdrawing from your retirement savings to pay down debt, it’s also important remember this will be at the expense of building your retirement nest egg. For instance, if a 35-year-old were to draw down R30,000 from their retirement fund, that same amount could have grown their retirement capital by over R200,000 by the time they reached 55 years old (assuming an investment return of 10%).</p> <p>Withdrawing your retirement savings on a frequent basis could also mean you may need to work longer and past your intended retirement age to compensate for the withdrawals. Or you may need to find ways to supplement your retirement savings through other investments, or consider reducing your standard of living at retirement.</p> <h2>Is this a sound move?</h2> <p>Remember, withdrawal from retirement savings is subject to tax.</p> <p>While retirement may seem far off when there are more pressing financial needs, using your savings to pay down debt has its advantages and drawbacks. Since withdrawals are being used to pay for expenses and service debt, it’s also important to reflect on borrowing behaviours that may need to be corrected. Otherwise, using retirement savings could become a financial crutch that could make your retirement income less secure.</p> <p>Settling debt using your retirement savings should be done after careful consideration and planning. If in doubt, speak to a financial advisor.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/244837/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bomikazi-zeka-680577"><em>Bomikazi Zeka</em></a><em>, Associate Professor in Finance and Financial Planning, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-canberra-865">University of Canberra</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jasmine-kinsman-1438670">Jasmine Kinsman</a>, Senior Lecturer in Financial Planning and Certified Financial Planner, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/nelson-mandela-university-1946">Nelson Mandela University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/should-you-use-your-retirement-savings-to-pay-off-debt-three-things-to-keep-in-mind-244837">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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To keep your cool in a heatwave, it may help to water your trees

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gregory-moore-1779">Gregory Moore</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></p> <p><a href="https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/heatwave/">Heatwaves</a> are among the world’s <a href="https://wmo.int/topics/heatwave#:%7E:text=Impact,died%20from%20heat%2Drelated%20stress.">deadliest</a> weather hazards. Every year, vast numbers of people are <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901114000999">killed by heat stress</a> and it can worsen health problems such as <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-heat-and-health">diabetes, asthma and heart disease</a>.</p> <p>Unfortunately, the bitumen roads, brick and concrete structures and roofing tiles in cities can absorb and retain vast amounts of heat, much of which is released after the sun has set. This creates what’s known as the <a href="https://www.climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/impacts-climate-change/built-environment/urban-heat">urban heat island effect</a>. In fact, temperatures can be <a href="https://www.climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/impacts-climate-change/built-environment/urban-heat#:%7E:text=and%20rural%20environments.-,In%20large%20cities%2C%20average%20temperatures%20can%20be%201%C2%B0C,parts%20experiencing%20even%20higher%20temperatures.">significantly higher in cities</a> than in <a href="https://greenly.earth/en-us/blog/ecology-news/6-key-things-to-know-about-urban-heat-islands">surrounding or rural areas</a>.</p> <p>Trees and greenspace can <a href="https://wwf.org.au/blogs/trees-lower-temperatures-in-a-sydney-street-by-20-degrees/">drive down urban temperatures</a> – but they must be able to draw water from the soil to achieve these massive cooling effects.</p> <p>In other words, it can sometimes be helpful to water your trees during a heatwave.</p> <h2>How trees keep us cool (and no, it’s not just about shade)</h2> <p>Trees reduce urban temperatures in two significant ways. One is by the shade they provides and the other is through their cooling effect – and no, they’re not the same thing.</p> <p>Water is taken up via a plant’s roots, moves through the stems or trunks and is then misted into the air from the leaves through little holes called stomata. This is called transpiration, and it helps cool the air around leaves.</p> <figure class="align-center zoomable"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=615&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=615&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=615&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=772&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=772&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/640861/original/file-20250107-15-dfepgd.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=772&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" alt="A diagram shows how transpiration happens." /></a><figcaption><span class="caption">Transpiration helps cools the air around a plant’s leaves.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/transpiration-stages-plants-roots-absorb-water-1856372440">grayjay/Shutterstock</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Water can also evaporate from soil and other surfaces. The combined loss of water from plants and soil is called evapotranspiration.</p> <p>The cooling effects of evapotranspiration vary but are up to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095311913605432#:%7E:text=Our%20literature%20review%20suggests%20that,ways%20of%20reducing%20urban%20temperatures">4°C</a>, depending on other environmental factors.</p> <h2>Watering your trees</h2> <p>If heatwaves occur in generally hot, dry weather, then trees will provide shade – but some may struggle with transpiration if the soil is too dry.</p> <p>This can reduce the cooling effect of trees. Keeping soil moist and plants irrigated, however, can change that.</p> <p>The best time to irrigate is early in the morning, as the water is less likely to evaporate quickly before transpiration can occur.</p> <p>You don’t need to do a deep water; most absorbing roots are close to the <a href="https://theconversation.com/here-are-5-practical-ways-trees-can-help-us-survive-climate-change-129753">surface</a>, so a bit of brief irrigation will often do the trick. You could also recycle water from your shower. Using mulch helps trap the water in the soil, giving the roots time to absorb it before it evaporates.</p> <p>All transpiring plants have a cooling effect on the air surrounding them, so you might wonder if trees have anything special to offer in terms of the urban heat island effect and heatwaves.</p> <p>Their great size means that they provide much larger areas of shade than other plants and if they are transpiring then there are greater cooling effects.</p> <p>The surface area of tree leaves, which is crucial to the evaporative cooling that takes place on their surfaces, is also much greater than many other plants.</p> <p>Another advantage is that trees can be very long lived. They <a href="https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/using-trees-and-vegetation-reduce-heat-islands">provide shade, cooling and other benefits</a> over a very long time and at relatively low cost.</p> <h2>Not all trees</h2> <p>All that said, I don’t want to overstate the role of urban trees in heatwaves when soils are dry.</p> <p>Some trees cease transpiring early as soils dry, but <a href="https://auf.isa-arbor.com/content/39/3/109">others will persist</a> until they wilt.</p> <p>Careful tree selection can help <a href="https://treenet.org/resource/it-isnt-rocket-science-street-trees-can-make-a-difference-in-climate-change/">maximise the cooling effects</a> of the urban forest. Trees that suit the local soil and can cope with some drying while maintaining transpiration can provide greater cooling</p> <p>And, of course, it is important to follow any <a href="https://www.water.vic.gov.au/for-households/water-restrictions-and-rules/permanent-water-saving-rules">water restriction</a> <a href="https://www.nsw.gov.au/environment-land-and-water/drought/water-restrictions">rules</a> or <a href="https://www.sydneywater.com.au/water-the-environment/what-we-are-doing/water-wise-guidelines.html">guidelines</a> that may be operating in your area at the time.</p> <h2>Trees keep us cool</h2> <p>Despite the clear benefits trees can provide in curbing heat, tree numbers and canopy cover are declining annually in many Australian cities and towns.</p> <p>Housing development still occurs without proper consideration of how trees and greenspace improve residents’ quality of life.</p> <p>It is not an either/or argument. With proper planning, <a href="https://theconversation.com/adelaide-is-losing-75-000-trees-a-year-tree-removal-laws-must-be-tightened-if-we-want-our-cities-to-be-liveable-and-green-216990">you can have both</a> new housing and good tree canopy cover.</p> <p>We should also be cautious of <a href="https://au.news.yahoo.com/trees-butchered-by-power-company-highlight-common-problem-its-sad-012952515.html?guccounter=1">over-pruning</a> urban trees.</p> <p>Trees cannot eliminate the effects of a heatwave but can mitigate some of them.</p> <p>Anything that we can do to mitigate the urban heat island effect and keep our cities and towns cooler will reduce heat-related illness and associated medical costs.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/246486/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gregory-moore-1779">Gregory Moore</a>, Senior Research Associate, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/the-university-of-melbourne-722">The University of Melbourne</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/to-keep-your-cool-in-a-heatwave-it-may-help-to-water-your-trees-246486">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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Most retirees who rent live in poverty. Here’s how boosting rent assistance could help lift them out of it

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/brendan-coates-154644">Brendan Coates</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/grattan-institute-1168">Grattan Institute</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joey-moloney-1334959">Joey Moloney</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/grattan-institute-1168">Grattan Institute</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/matthew-bowes-2316740">Matthew Bowes</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/grattan-institute-1168">Grattan Institute</a></em></p> <p>Most Australians can look forward to a comfortable retirement. More than three in four retirees own their own home, most report feeling comfortable financially, and few suffer financial stress.</p> <p>But our new Grattan Institute <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/renting-in-retirement-why-rent-assistance-needs-to-rise/">report</a> paints a sobering picture for one group: retirees who rent in the private market. Two-thirds of this group live in poverty, including more than three in four single women who live alone.</p> <hr /> <p><iframe id="x2VND" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/x2VND/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <hr /> <p>Retirees who rent often have little in the way of retirement savings: more than half have less than A$25,000 stashed away. And a growing number of older Australians are at risk of becoming homeless.</p> <p>But our research also shows just how much we’d need to boost Commonwealth Rent Assistance to make housing more affordable and ensure all renters are able to retire with dignity.</p> <h2>Today’s renters, tomorrow’s renting retirees</h2> <p>Home ownership is falling among poorer Australians who are approaching retirement.</p> <p>Between 1981 and 2021, home ownership rates among the poorest 40% of 45–54-year-olds fell from 68% to just 54%. Today’s low-income renters are tomorrow’s renting retirees.</p> <p>Age pensioners need at least $40,000 in savings to afford to spend $350 a week in rent, together with the <a href="https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/age-pension">Age Pension</a> and <a href="https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/rent-assistance">Rent Assistance</a>. That’s enough to afford the cheapest 25% of one-bedroom homes in capital cities.</p> <p>But Australians who are renting as they approach retirement tend to have little in the way of retirement savings. 40% of renting households aged 55-64 have net financial wealth less than $40,000.</p> <h2>Rent assistance is too low</h2> <p>Our <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/renting-in-retirement-why-rent-assistance-needs-to-rise/">research</a> shows that Commonwealth Rent Assistance, which supplements the Age Pension for poorer retirees who rent, is inadequate.</p> <p>The federal government has <a href="https://ministers.treasury.gov.au/ministers/jim-chalmers-2022/speeches/budget-speech-2024-25">lifted the maximum rate of Rent Assistance</a> by 27% – over and above inflation – in the past two budgets. But the payment remains too low.</p> <p>A typical single retiree needs at least $379 per week to afford essential non-housing costs such as food, transport and energy.</p> <p>But we found a single pensioner who relies solely on income support can afford to rent just 4% of one-bedroom homes in Sydney, 13% in Brisbane, and 14% in Melbourne, after covering these basic living expenses.</p> <p>With Rent Assistance indexed to inflation, rather than low-income earners’ housing costs, the maximum rate of the payment has increased by 136% since 2001, while the rents paid by recipients have increased by 193%.</p> <h2>A boost is needed</h2> <p>Our analysis suggests that to solve this problem, the federal government should increase the maximum rate of Rent Assistance by 50% for singles and 40% for couples.</p> <p>The payment should also be indexed to changes in rents for the cheapest 25% of homes in our capital cities.</p> <p>These increases would boost the maximum rate of Rent Assistance by $53 a week ($2,750 a year) for singles, and $40 a week ($2,080 a year) for couples.</p> <p>This would ensure single retirees could afford to spend $350 a week on rent, enough to rent the cheapest 25% of one-bedroom homes across Australian capital cities, while still affording other essentials.</p> <p>Similarly, retired couples would be able to afford to spend $390 a week on rent, enough to rent the cheapest 25% of all one- and two-bedroom homes.</p> <hr /> <p><iframe id="EZBuw" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/EZBuw/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <hr /> <h2>Unlikely to push up rents</h2> <p>One common concern is that increasing Rent Assistance will just lead landlords to hike rents. But we find little evidence that this is the case.</p> <p>International studies suggest that more than five in six dollars of any extra Rent Assistance paid would benefit renters, rather than landlords.</p> <hr /> <p><iframe id="qGxQE" class="tc-infographic-datawrapper" style="border: 0;" src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/qGxQE/" width="100%" height="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> <hr /> <p>In Australia, there’s little evidence that recent increases in Rent Assistance have pushed up rents.</p> <p>Our analysis of NSW rental bond lodgement data suggests areas with higher concentrations of Rent Assistance recipients did not see larger rent increases in the year after the payment was boosted.</p> <p>That’s not surprising. Rent Assistance is paid to tenants, not landlords, which means tenants are likely to spend only a small portion of any extra income on housing.</p> <p>Since rates of financial stress are even higher among younger renters, we propose that any increase to Rent Assistance should also apply to working-age households.</p> <p>Boosting Rent Assistance for all recipients would cost about $2 billion a year, with about $500 million of this going to retirees.</p> <p>These increases could be paid for by further <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/super-savings-practical-policies-for-fairer-superannuation-and-a-stronger-budget/">tightening superannuation tax breaks</a>, <a href="https://grattan.edu.au/report/housing-affordability-re-imagining-the-australian-dream/">curbing negative gearing and halving the capital gains tax discount</a>, or counting more of the value of the family home in the Age Pension assets test.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/249134/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/brendan-coates-154644">Brendan Coates</a>, Program Director, Housing and Economic Security, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/grattan-institute-1168">Grattan Institute</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joey-moloney-1334959">Joey Moloney</a>, Deputy Program Director, Housing and Economic Security, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/grattan-institute-1168">Grattan Institute</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/matthew-bowes-2316740">Matthew Bowes</a>, Associate, Housing and Economic Security, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/grattan-institute-1168">Grattan Institute</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/most-retirees-who-rent-live-in-poverty-heres-how-boosting-rent-assistance-could-help-lift-them-out-of-it-249134">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Money & Banking

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What is callisthenics? And how does it compare to running or lifting weights?

<div class="theconversation-article-body"> <p><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mandy-hagstrom-1180806">Mandy Hagstrom</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/justin-keogh-129041">Justin Keogh</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/bond-university-863"><em>Bond University</em></a></em></p> <p>Callisthenics is a type of training where you do bodyweight exercises to build strength. It’s versatile, low cost, and easy to start.</p> <p>Classic callisthenics moves include:</p> <ul> <li>push ups</li> <li>bodyweight squats</li> <li>chin ups</li> <li>burpees</li> <li>lunges using only your bodyweight.</li> </ul> <p>Advanced callisthenics includes movements like <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=muscle-ups&amp;rlz=1C5GCCM_en&amp;oq=muscle-ups&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyCQgAEEUYORiABDIGCAEQABgeMgYIAhAAGB4yBggDEAAYHjIGCAQQABgeMgYIBRAAGB4yBggGEAAYHjIGCAcQABgeMgYICBAAGB4yBggJEAAYHtIBBzkzOWowajmoAgCwAgE&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8#fpstate=ive&amp;vld=cid:e41f29e0,vid:1fQdBZfIuIY,st:0">muscle-ups</a> (where you pull yourself above a bar) and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFgk7ysG2fY">flagpole holds</a> (where you hold yourself perpendicular to a pole).</p> <p>In callisthenics, you often do a lot of repetitions (or “reps”) of these sorts of moves, which is what can make it a hybrid strength and cardio workout. In the gym, by contrast, many people take the approach of “<a href="https://theconversation.com/lift-heavy-or-smaller-weights-with-high-reps-it-all-depends-on-your-goal-190902">lifting heavy</a>” but doing fewer reps to build serious strength.</p> <p>Traditionally, callisthenics was more of a muscle sculpting, strength-based work out. It is reportedly based on techniques used by <a href="https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p0757qbx/how-ancient-greeks-trained-for-war">ancient Greek</a> soldiers.</p> <p>The <a href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/callisthenic_adj?tab=factsheet#10451225">Oxford Dictionary</a> says the term callisthenics – which is said to be based on the Greek word κάλλος or <em>kállos</em> (meaning beauty) and σθένος or <em>sthenos</em> (meaning strength) – first started showing up in popular discourse the early 1800s.</p> <p>Callisthenics is often associated with high intensity interval training (HIIT) routines, where jumping, skipping or burpees are combined with bodyweight strength-building exercises such as push ups and body weight squats (often for many reps).</p> <p>Callisthenics exercises draw on your natural movement; when children climb on monkey bars and jump between pieces of play equipment, they’re basically doing callisthenics.</p> <h2>What are the benefits of callisthenics?</h2> <p>It all depends on how you do callisthenics; what you put in will dictate what you get out.</p> <p>When exercise programs combine resistance training (such as lifting weights or doing bodyweight exercises) and aerobic exercise, the result is better health and a reduced likelihood of death <a href="https://academic.oup.com/eurjpc/article-abstract/26/15/1647/5925845#google_vignette">from a variety of different causes</a>.</p> <p>Callisthenics provide a low cost, time efficient way of exercising this way.</p> <p>With improvements in body composition, muscular strength, and <a href="https://content.iospress.com/articles/isokinetics-and-exercise-science/ies170001">posture</a>, it’s easy to see why it’s become a popular way to train.</p> <p>Research has also shown callisthenics is <a href="https://content.iospress.com/articles/physiotherapy-practice-and-research/ppr220688">better</a> at reducing body fat and controlling blood sugar for people with diabetes when compared to pilates.</p> <p>Research has also shown doing callisthenics can reduce body fat and increase lean muscle mass <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ali-Erdem-Cigerci/publication/342339065_The_Effect_of_Calisthenics_Exercises_on_Body_Composition_in_Soccer_Players/links/5eee7aff299bf1faac68c131/The-Effect-of-Calisthenics-Exercises-on-Body-Composition-in-Soccer-Players.pdf">in soccer players</a>, although this research does not compare the benefits between different exercise program types.</p> <p>That means we don’t know if callisthenics is better than other traditional forms of exercise – just that it does more than nothing.</p> <h2>What are the potential drawbacks?</h2> <p>With callisthenics, it can be hard to progress past a certain point. If your goal is to get really big muscles, it may be hard to get there with callisthenics alone. It would likely be simpler for most people to <a href="https://theconversation.com/lift-heavy-or-smaller-weights-with-high-reps-it-all-depends-on-your-goal-190902">gain muscle in a gym</a> using traditional methods such as machine and free weights with a combination of various sets and reps.</p> <p>If you want to progress in the gym, you can increase your dumbbells by small increments, such as 1kg. In callisthenics, however, you may find the jump from one exercise to the next too big to achieve. You risk a plateau in your training without some challenging work-arounds.</p> <p>Another advantage of traditional strength training with bands, machines, or free weights is that it also increases flexibility and range of motion.</p> <p>However, 2023 <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-022-01804-x">research</a> found “no significant range of motion improvement with resistance training using only body mass.” So, given its focus on bodyweight exercises, it seems unlikely callisthenics alone would significantly improve your flexibility and range of motion.</p> <p>Unfortunately, there is no long-term research examining the benefits of callisthenics in direct comparison to traditional aerobic training or resistance training.</p> <h2>Is callisthenics for me?</h2> <p>Well, that depends on your goal.</p> <p>If you want to get really strong, <a href="https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2017/12000/Strength_and_Hypertrophy_Adaptations_Between_Low_.31.aspx?casa_token=77cmEPgUQr0AAAAA:MchrZRbKBGLl5WCJbqYN5X06rkBHReifOetdXfzJiBg22P62ZnZl6m8OZKov8975QRAjTbYK0Gf2ivA62W0NiAA">lift heavy</a>.</p> <p>If you want to increase your <a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wk/jsc/2022/00000036/00000002/art00012">muscle mass</a>, try lifting near to the point of “failure”. That means lifting a weight to the point where you feel that you are close to fatigue, or close to the point that you may need to stop. The key here is that you don’t have to get to the point of failure to achieve muscle growth – but you do have to put in sufficient effort.</p> <p>If you want to get lean, focus first on nutrition, and then understand that either <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.12536">cardio</a>, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-021-01562-2?fbclid=IwAR2NiI1tcKLIi0f0MLBlafT-hcHbObBvIrl6Sb5gBcSDImsmpEplSuJpRww">lifting</a> or both can help.</p> <p>What if you’re time poor, or don’t have a gym membership? Well, callisthenics exercises offer some of the cardio benefits of a run, and some of the muscular benefits of a lifting session, all tied up in one neat package.</p> <p>It can be a great holiday workout at a local park or playground, on public outdoor exercise equipment, or even on the deck of a holiday rental.</p> <p>But, as with all exercise, there are potential benefits and limitations of callisthenics.</p> <p>Callisthenics has its place, but, for most, it’s likely best used as just one part of a well-rounded training routine.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important;" src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/246326/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" /><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/mandy-hagstrom-1180806"><em>Mandy Hagstrom</em></a><em>, Senior Lecturer, Exercise Physiology. School of Health Sciences, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-sydney-1414">UNSW Sydney</a> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/justin-keogh-129041">Justin Keogh</a>, Associate Dean of Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/bond-university-863">Bond University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-is-callisthenics-and-how-does-it-compare-to-running-or-lifting-weights-246326">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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Returning home after a flood? Prioritise your health and take it one step at a time

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kazi-mizanur-rahman-1057615">Kazi Mizanur Rahman</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/bond-university-863">Bond University</a></em></p> <p>Parts of North Queensland have received almost <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgpvrgezp3o">two metres</a> of rain since the weekend, causing flash and riverine flooding that claimed the lives of <a href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/second-death-confirmed-in-flood-hit-north-queensland-as-threat-eases-20250204-p5l9l1.html">two women</a> around Ingham.</p> <p>While some North Queensland residents are <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-05/north-queensland-flooding-townsville-rainfall-flood-recovery/104894530">on alert</a> for more flooding, others are <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-05/north-queensland-flooding-townsville-rainfall-flood-recovery/104894530">returning home</a> to assess the damage.</p> <p>This can be very confronting. You may have left in a rush when the evacuation order <a href="https://www.fire.qld.gov.au/aws">was issued</a>, taking only a few valuables and <a href="https://www.getready.qld.gov.au/emergencykit">necessary items</a>, and maybe your <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1423501/full">pet</a>. You may have been <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37791723/">scared</a> and unsure of what would happen.</p> <p>Coming back and seeing the damage to the place you lived in and loved can be painful. You might also be worried about the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35681967/">financial consequences</a>.</p> <h2>First, focus on safety</h2> <p>Make sure it’s <a href="https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/After-a-flood-returning-home-safely">safe to return home</a>. Check with your energy provider whether power has been restored in your area and, if so, whether it’s <a href="https://www.ewoq.com.au/news-and-publications/news/support-for-customers-affected-by-floods">safe to turn the main switch back on</a>. Do not use appliances that got wet, as electrical hazards can be <a href="https://floodlist.com/dealing-with-floods/electricity-safety">deadly</a>.</p> <p>Look for any <a href="https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/news-centre/news-items/what-to-do-if-you-are-affected-by-floods-in-queensland/">structural damages to your property</a> and any hazards such as <a href="https://www.asbestos.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/asbestos-cleaning-removing-asbestos-containing-materials.pdf">asbestos exposure</a>. Watch out for sharp objects, broken glass, or slippery areas.</p> <p>The hardest part is cleaning up. You will need to be patient, and prioritise your health and safety.</p> <h2>What risks are involved with flood clean ups?</h2> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/dont-go-wading-in-flood-water-if-you-can-help-it-its-a-health-risk-for-humans-and-dogs-too-178027#:%7E:text=Health%20risks%20from%20flood%20water,thrive%20in%20mud%20and%20water">Floodwater</a> carries <a href="https://www.health.qld.gov.au/newsroom/doh-media-releases/health-risks-lurking-in-far-north-queensland-floodwaters#:%7E:text=Queensland%20Chief%20Health%20Officer%20Dr,risk%20of%20disease%20and%20infection.">mud</a> and <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/ma/Fulltext/MA23051">bugs</a>. It can also be contaminated with sewage.</p> <p>Contaminated flood water can cause <a href="https://theconversation.com/drinking-water-can-be-a-dangerous-cocktail-for-people-in-flood-areas-178028">gastroenteritis</a>, skin infections, conjunctivitis, or ear, nose and throat infections.</p> <p>Mud can <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010486">make you sick</a> by transmitting germs through broken skin, causing nasty diseases such as the bacterial infection <a href="https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/melioidosis-a-deadly-infection-that-can-spread-aft">melioidosis</a>.</p> <p>Your house may also have <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-04/qld-pest-controllers-report-spike-in-rats-snakes-after-floods/100958648">rodents</a>, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-04/qld-pest-controllers-report-spike-in-rats-snakes-after-floods/100958648">snakes</a>, or <a href="https://theconversation.com/after-the-floods-stand-by-for-spiders-slugs-and-millipedes-but-think-twice-before-reaching-for-the-bug-spray-157600">insects</a> that can bite. Rats can also carry diseases that contaminate water and enter your body through <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9151845/#:%7E:text=It%20is%20presumed%20that%20infection,urine%20from%20animal%20reservoir%20hosts.">broken skin</a>.</p> <p>Be <a href="https://asthma.org.au/triggers/flooding-and-mould/">careful about mould</a>, as it can affect the air quality in your home and make asthma and allergies worse.</p> <p>Stagnant water in and around your home can become a place where <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/8/1393">mosquitoes breed and spread disease</a>.</p> <h2>How can you reduce these risks?</h2> <p>When you first enter your flood-damaged home, open windows to let fresh air in. If you have breathing problems, wear a face mask to protect yourself from any possible air pollution resulting from the damage, and any mould due to your home being closed up.</p> <p>Cleaning your home is a long, frustrating and exhausting process. In this hot and humid weather, drink plenty of water and take frequent breaks. Identify any covered part of your home with sufficient ventilation which is high and dry, and where flood water did not enter. Use that as your resting space.</p> <p>While assessing and cleaning, wear <a href="https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/emergency_preparedness/weather/Pages/household-cleanup.aspx">protective clothing</a>, boots and gloves. Covering your skin will reduce the chance of bites and infection.</p> <p>Wash your hands with soap and water <a href="https://www.redcross.org.au/emergencies/coping-after-a-crisis/cleaning-up-wind-water/">as often as possible</a>. And don’t forget to <a href="https://www.torres-cape.health.qld.gov.au/about-us/news/take-care-of-health-and-safety-during-flood-and-rain-20241213">apply</a> sunscreen and mosquito repellent.</p> <p>Throw away items that were soaked in floodwater. These could have germs that can make you ill.</p> <p>Empty your fridge and freezer because the food inside is <a href="https://www.foodsafety.asn.au/when-the-power-goes-off/#:%7E:text=Food%20stored%20in%20freezers&amp;text=If%20the%20freezer%20door%20is,food%20chilled%20for%2024%20hours.">no longer safe</a>.</p> <p>If there is standing water, avoid touching it.</p> <p>When you can, empty outdoor containers with stagnant water to prevent mosquitoes breeding.</p> <h2>Don’t overlook your mental health</h2> <p>When cleaning up after a flood, you may feel sad, anxious, or stressed. It’s hard to see your home in this condition.</p> <p>But know you are not alone. Stay connected with others, talk to your friends and families, and accept support. If you feel too overwhelmed, seek help from mental health support services in your area or contact <a href="https://www.lifeline.org.au/">Lifeline</a> on 13 11 14.</p> <p>On top of everything, be mindful about those who are vulnerable, such as older people and those with disabilities, as they may be <a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/8/e056210.abstract">more affected and find the clean up process harder</a>.</p> <p>Recovering from a flood takes time. Focus on what needs to be fixed first and take it step by step.<!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/kazi-mizanur-rahman-1057615"><em>Kazi Mizanur Rahman</em></a><em>, Associate Professor of Healthcare Innovations, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/bond-university-863">Bond University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock </em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/returning-home-after-a-flood-prioritise-your-health-and-take-it-one-step-at-a-time-248902">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

Domestic Travel

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Want your loved ones to inherit your super? Here’s why you can’t afford to skip this one step

<div class="theconversation-article-body"><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tobias-barkley-1271340">Tobias Barkley</a>, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/la-trobe-university-842">La Trobe University</a></em></p> <p>What happens to our super when we die? Most Australians have superannuation accounts but about <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/SydLawRw/2024/10.html#Heading24">one in five</a> of us die before we can retire and actually enjoy that money.</p> <p>If we do die early our money is paid out as super “death benefits”. They can be substantial. Even people who die young can have $200,000–$300,000 of death benefits through <a href="https://moneysmart.gov.au/how-life-insurance-works/insurance-through-super">super life insurance</a>.</p> <p>Death benefits have recently been in the news for all the wrong reasons. Last week <a href="https://ministers.treasury.gov.au/ministers/jim-chalmers-2022/media-releases/mandatory-service-standards-superannuation-industry">the Treasurer Jim Chalmers</a> expressed concern about delays paying out death benefits.</p> <p><a href="https://lawcouncil.au/resources/submissions/proposed-reform-to-superannuation-death-benefits">The Law Council</a> is concerned people do not have enough control over how death benefits are distributed. <a href="https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/championing-for-molly-perth-mum-s-milestone-in-her-quest-for-justice-20241206-p5kwiu.html">Others are devastated</a> about death benefits being paid to alleged violent partners.</p> <h2>How can you decide who gets your unspent super?</h2> <p>Our first thought might be writing it in our will. However, super is not covered by our will as it does not become part of our <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/2001/1535.html">deceased estate</a>.</p> <p>Instead, death benefits are distributed by the trustee of your superannuation fund. Under the law, there are two main mechanisms controlling distribution: <a href="https://www.australiansuper.com/superannuation/access-your-super-early/nominate-a-beneficiary#:%7E:text=A%20binding%20nomination%20instructs%20AustralianSuper,the%20date%20we%20accept%20it.&amp;text=Lapsing%20binding%20nomination%20%E2%80%93%20This%20nomination,date%20you%20sign%20the%20form.">binding nominations</a> and the trustee’s discretion.</p> <p>Every super member has the option to create a binding nomination. It’s like a will for your super that the super trustee is obliged to follow. It also needs two witnesses to execute it. However, there are actually more ways for a binding nomination to fail than for a will to fail.</p> <p>The law only allows you to nominate certain people: your “<a href="https://www.lawsociety.com.au/resources/resources/my-practice-area/elder-law/superannuation-FAQs#collapse_165">dependants</a>” or your estate. If you nominate anyone else your entire nomination stops being binding. Plus, unlike wills, there is no way to fix execution errors. Also, many binding nominations expire after three years.</p> <p>If you don’t have a binding nomination, then the trustee can choose who your death benefit goes to. There are two main mechanisms controlling how the trustee chooses who gets your death benefit.</p> <p>First, <a href="https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/c2019-t371937-discussion-paper.pdf">legislation</a> requires the trustee to give the death benefit to your dependants or deceased estate before anyone else. This means that your parents, for example, will only receive something if you have no children, partner or other dependants.</p> <p>Second, decisions made by trustees can be disputed by complaining to the <a href="https://www.afca.org.au/">Australian Financial Complaints Authority (AFCA)</a>. The authority has a rigid approach to who should get death benefits and trustees usually follow this course of action.</p> <p><a href="https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/SLR/article/view/20199">Research I’ve done with Xia Li</a> of La Trobe University reveals what AFCA does in practice.</p> <p>Most crucially, people’s wishes expressed in non-binding nominations were essentially ignored. Our research found there was no statistically significant association between being nominated in a non-binding nomination and receiving any of the death benefit. This was true even for recent nominations.</p> <p>Other factors the complaints authority ignores are family violence and financial need. In one case, five daughters provided evidence, including a police report, that their deceased mother was a victim of violence perpetrated by her new partner. <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/701195.pdf">In keeping with the Federal Court, AFCA gave the alleged perpetrator</a> everything because he alone would have benefited from the deceased’s finances if she had lived.</p> <p>In another case, <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/874050.pdf">the deceased’s adult son received nothing</a> despite living with disability and “doing it tough”. He had refused financial help so was not financially dependent. AFCA gave everything to the partner.</p> <p>AFCA ignores these factors because of one key issue. It places “<a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/832049.pdf">great weight</a>” on whether beneficiaries are financially dependent on the deceased.</p> <p>This means when choosing between a financial dependent – such as a new partner who shares home expenses with the deceased, and non-financial dependants, such as most adult children – AFCA will almost always give everything to the spouse.</p> <p>Relying on financial dependence can be arbitrary. Unlike in family law, a de facto partner <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sia1993473/s10.html#spouse">does not need to be living with you for two years</a> before becoming entitled. For example, <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/753556.pdf">in one case AFCA gave a partner of possibly only seven months</a> (and 41 years younger than the deceased) everything and the deceased’s three children aged 27–33 nothing.</p> <p>Also, AFCA treats any regular payment that supports daily living as financial dependence. For example, <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/714258.pdf">a son paying A$100 a week board to parents means both parents are financially dependent on the son</a>. In another case, payments from the deceased to his brother of $5,000, $7,000 and $5,000 made over a year <a href="https://service02.afca.org.au/CaseFiles/FOSSIC/842323.pdf">was not financial dependence because they were irregular</a>.</p> <p>The whole process is slow. The average time it takes to resolve a death benefit case that goes to AFCA is nearly <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/SydLawRw/2024/10.html#Heading248">three years and the longest case I’ve seen took over six</a>.</p> <p>The only thing that you can do that will make a difference is execute a binding nomination; non-binding nominations are worthless.</p> <p>But take care to execute your binding nomination correctly (get legal advice) and leave reminders for yourself to review it every three years.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. 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More info: https://theconversation.com/republishing-guidelines --></p> <p><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/tobias-barkley-1271340"><em>Tobias Barkley</em></a><em>, Lecturer, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/la-trobe-university-842">La Trobe University</a></em></p> <p><em>Image credits: Shutterstock</em></p> <p><em>This article is republished from <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/want-your-loved-ones-to-inherit-your-super-heres-why-you-cant-afford-to-skip-this-one-step-248019">original article</a>.</em></p> </div>

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Karl Stefanovic lifts the lid on former Today co-hosts

<p>Karl Stefanovic has shared what he really thinks about the women he has shared <em>The Today Show</em> hosting duties with, such as Jess Rowe, Tracy Grimshaw and Lisa Wilkinson. </p> <p>In a candid tell-all interview with <em>Stellar</em> magazine's <em>Something To Talk About podcast</em>, Stefanovic discussed the highs and lows of hosting Today since he joined alongside Tracy Grimshaw in February 2005. </p> <p>“I wasn’t overly nervous, I just knew that I didn’t know enough,” Stefanovic admitted, adding that it took “some time” for him to feel he was no longer out of his depth.</p> <p>After just one year on the show, Grimshaw announced she would be leaving <em>Today</em> to host <em>A Current Affair</em>, as Karl recalled the cheeky way she informed him of her imminent departure. </p> <p>“I remember I was late for work because I’d left my shoes at home – I ended up getting Ray Martin’s shoes,” he told the podcast host. </p> <p>“So I came into the studio like, ‘Hey, Trace, look at this. I’ve got Ray Martin’s shoes.’"</p> <p>“Tracy leans across and goes, ‘You got his shoes? I got his job.’ That’s how she broke it to me. She denies that story, but it’s 100 per cent accurate.”</p> <p>Grimshaw was then replaced by Jess Rowe, whose hosting role with <em>Today</em> was short-lived, as Karl  admitted Rowe had been “pilloried”.</p> <p>The mum-of-two was sacked from <em>Today</em> after returning from maternity leave, and her departure made headlines at the time when it was alleged then-Nine boss Eddie McGuire had spoken about wanting to “bone” (fire) Rowe during a meeting with Nine executives.</p> <p>“It was shocking, the treatment that she had. She was called the most heinous things, and I was just trying to survive,” he explained on <em>Stellar’s</em> podcast.</p> <p>“I’ve apologised to Jess since then, but at the time I just didn’t know how to navigate my own future, let alone be there for her in the way that I should have.”</p> <p>Rowe was then replaced by Lisa Wilkinson in 2007, who stayed with the show for ten years. </p> <p>While there was much public speculation about Lisa and Karl's relationship after her dramatic exit from <em>Today</em>, Stefanovic told <em>Stellar</em> that he doesn’t “waste any time” of his life “thinking about any negative parts” of their long professional stint together.</p> <p>“But this I will say about Lisa: genuinely adored working with her. I found her to be an incredibly interesting, intelligent, funny woman,” he insisted.</p> <p>“She taught me so much about the craft of conversation, and we had a really beautiful relationship. So there is no ill will. Only great things came from that.”</p> <p>The longtime breakfast TV host currently sits alongside Sarah Abo at the desk, for which he describes himself as “so fortunate”.</p> <p>“In this game, there’s stuff you have control of and there’s stuff you don’t. At any point on any given day, I can be replaced. The show is bigger than I am,” Stefanovic pointed out.</p> <p>“I don’t see Sarah ever being replaced. And I genuinely have no interest in working with anyone else."</p> <p><em>Image credits: Nine</em></p>

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